{"id":3403,"date":"2025-08-29T10:59:22","date_gmt":"2025-08-29T08:59:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/neuraldesigner.com\/blog\/methods-binary-classification\/"},"modified":"2025-11-27T15:21:08","modified_gmt":"2025-11-27T14:21:08","slug":"mastering-binary-classification-model-testing","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/blog\/mastering-binary-classification-model-testing\/","title":{"rendered":"6 testing methods for binary classification models"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3403\" class=\"elementor elementor-3403\" data-elementor-post-type=\"blog\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9b3652 e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b9b3652\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8908078 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8908078\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-084ba8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"084ba8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Evaluating a machine learning model is essential to ensure it generalizes well\u2014that is, it performs reliably on unseen data.<\/p><p><a style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis\">Testing<\/a> simulates real-world conditions and helps decide whether a model is ready for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/model-deployment\">deployment<\/a>.<\/p><p>For binary <a style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/neural-networks-applications#BinaryClassification\">classification<\/a> tasks, several specialized methods can be used to measure performance.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac6e1c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac6e1c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contents<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b19082 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0b19082\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This post reviews six key testing methods for binary classification, all available in <strong data-start=\"1514\" data-end=\"1533\">Neural Designer<\/strong>:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49aadeb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"49aadeb\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50edbe3 e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"50edbe3\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc55404 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"bc55404\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#testing_data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Testing data<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50cd797 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"50cd797\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#confusion_matrix\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Confusion matrix<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5c0201 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"e5c0201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#binary_class_tests\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Binary classification tests<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec03ecb elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"ec03ecb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#roc_curve\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">ROC curve<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb36ab6 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"bb36ab6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#positive_negative_rates\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Positive\/ negative rates<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d37ed9 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"9d37ed9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#cumulative_gain\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Cumulative gain<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a14abf0 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"a14abf0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#lift_chart\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Lift chart<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fae3fbd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fae3fbd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\">Neural Designer<\/a> implements all those testing methods.<\/p><p>Try <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\">Neural Designer<\/a> to experiment with these methods yourself.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f80fffb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f80fffb\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b28b431 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b28b431\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-221476a elementor-widget__width-initial boton_descarga elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"221476a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/my-account\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-download\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M216 0h80c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24v168h87.7c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L269.7 378.3c-7.5 7.5-19.8 7.5-27.3 0L90.1 226.1c-12.6-12.6-3.7-34.1 14.1-34.1H192V24c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24zm296 376v112c0 13.3-10.7 24-24 24H24c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V376c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24h146.7l49 49c20.1 20.1 52.5 20.1 72.6 0l49-49H488c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24zm-124 88c0-11-9-20-20-20s-20 9-20 20 9 20 20 20 20-9 20-20zm64 0c0-11-9-20-20-20s-20 9-20 20 9 20 20 20 20-9 20-20z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download Free Trial<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9eb3221 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9eb3221\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"testing_data\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Testing data<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b95964e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b95964e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To illustrate those <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis\">testing methods<\/a> for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/neural-networks-applications#BinaryClassification\">binary classification<\/a>, we generate the following testing data.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ed7ae0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5ed7ae0\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9831460 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9831460\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Instance<\/th>\n<th>Target<\/th>\n<th>Output<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.99<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.85<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.54<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.53<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.52<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.51<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">10<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.49<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">11<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.41<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">12<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">13<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">14<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">15<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.26<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">16<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">17<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.24<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">18<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.23<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">19<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">20<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488d6f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"488d6f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <em>target<\/em> column determines whether an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/data-set#Instances\">instance<\/a> is negative (0) or positive (1).<\/p><p>The <em>output<\/em> column is the model&#8217;s corresponding score, i.e., the probability that the corresponding <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/data-set#Instances\">instance<\/a> is positive.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4545e6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4545e6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"confusion_matrix\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Confusion matrix<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc18483 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bc18483\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis#ConfusionMatrix\">confusion matrix<\/a> is a visual aid to depict the performance of a binary classifier.<\/p><p>The first step is to\u00a0<span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">select a\u00a0<em>decision threshold<\/em>\u00a0\u03c4 to classify instances as either\u00a0<\/span>positives or negatives.<\/p><p>If the probability assigned to the instance by the classifier is higher than &amp;tau, it is labeled as positive; if it is lower, it is labeled as negative.<\/p><p>The default value for the decision threshold is \u03c4 = 0.5.<\/p><p>Once all the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/data-set#TestingInstances\">testing instances<\/a> are classified, the output labels are compared against the target labels. This gives us four numbers:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddb8cd7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ddb8cd7\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-482c26e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"482c26e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table><tbody><tr><th>\u00a0<\/th><th>Predicted positive<\/th><th>Predicted negative<\/th><\/tr><tr><th style=\"text-align: left;\">Real positive<\/th><td><strong>TP<\/strong> (positives correctly classified.)<\/td><td><strong>FN<\/strong> (positives incorrectly classified as negatives.)<\/td><\/tr><tr><th style=\"text-align: left;\">Real negative<\/th><td><strong>FP<\/strong> (negatives incorrectly classified as positives.)<\/td><td><strong>TN<\/strong> (negatives correctly classified.)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-725e1c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"725e1c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As we can see, the rows represent the target classes, while the columns represent the output classes.<\/p><p>The diagonal cells show the number of correctly classified cases, and the off-diagonal cells show the misclassified instances.<\/p><p>This information is arranged in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis#ConfusionMatrix\">confusion matrix<\/a> as follows.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f3541b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5f3541b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-724fef7 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"724fef7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table><tbody><tr><th>\u00a0<\/th><th>Predicted positive<\/th><th>Predicted negative<\/th><\/tr><tr><th style=\"text-align: left;\">Real positive<\/th><td style=\"text-align: right;\">9<\/td><td style=\"text-align: right;\">2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th style=\"text-align: left;\">Real negative<\/th><td style=\"text-align: right;\">2<\/td><td style=\"text-align: right;\">8<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34a2039 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"34a2039\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In our example, let us choose a decision threshold \u03c4 = 0.5.<\/p><p>After labeling the outputs, the number of true positives is 9, the number of false positives is 2, the number of false negatives is 2, and the number of true negatives is 8.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab90441 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ab90441\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As we can see, the model classifies most of the cases correctly.<\/p><p>However, we must\u00a0<span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">conduct a more thorough\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">testing analysis<\/a>\u00a0to fully understand its generalization capabilities<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10cd493 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"10cd493\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"binary_class_tests\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Binary classification tests<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65924d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65924d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis#BinaryClassificationTests\">binary classification tests<\/a> are parameters derived from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis#ConfusionMatrix\">confusion matrix<\/a>, which can help understand the information it provides. Some of the most crucial <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis#BinaryClassificationTests\">binary classification tests<\/a>\u00a0are the following:<\/p><p><strong>Classification accuracy<\/strong>, which is the ratio of instances correctly classified, $$ classification\\_accuracy = \\frac{true\\_positives+true\\_negatives}{total\\_instances} = 0.81$$<\/p><p><strong>Error rate<\/strong>, which is the ratio of instances misclassified, $$ error\\_rate = \\frac{false\\_positives+false\\_negatives}{total\\_instances} = 0.19$$<\/p><p><strong>Sensitivity<\/strong>, which is the portion of actual positives that are predicted as positives, $$ sensitivity = \\frac{true\\_positives}{positive\\_instances} = 0.818$$<\/p><p><strong>Specificity<\/strong>, which is the portion of actual negatives predicted as negative, is calculated as follows: $$ specificity = \\frac{true\\_negatives}{negative\\_instances} = 0.8$$<\/p><p>In our example, the accuracy is 0.81 (81%), and the error rate is 0.19 (19%), so the model can correctly label many instances. The sensitivity is 0.818 (81.8%), meaning the model can detect the positive instances. Finally, the specificity is 0.8 (80%), which shows that the model correctly labels most negative instances.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c24cdfd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c24cdfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"roc_curve\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">ROC curve<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d82ce51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d82ce51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"128\" data-end=\"439\">The receiver operating characteristic (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis#RocCurve\">ROC<\/a>) curve is a key method for evaluating <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/neural-networks-applications#BinaryClassification\">binary classifiers<\/a>.<\/p><p data-start=\"128\" data-end=\"439\">It summarizes performance by plotting the False Positive Rate (1\u2013specificity) on the x-axis and the True Positive Rate (sensitivity) on the y-axis, across different decision thresholds.<\/p><p data-start=\"441\" data-end=\"749\">A perfect classifier reaches the top-left corner (sensitivity = 1, specificity = 1).<\/p><p data-start=\"441\" data-end=\"749\">The main metric is the area under the curve (AUC), where 1 indicates perfect performance.<\/p><p data-start=\"441\" data-end=\"749\">The optimal decision threshold corresponds to the point closest to the top-left corner, as it balances sensitivity and specificity.<\/p><p data-start=\"751\" data-end=\"814\">The following figure illustrates the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis#RocCurve\">ROC curve<\/a> for our model.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-585f3a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"585f3a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"540\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ROC-chart-4.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-19259\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ROC-chart-4.png 540w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ROC-chart-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ROC-chart-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ROC-chart-4-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ROC-chart-4-120x120.png 120w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99e712b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"99e712b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>For our example, using a decision threshold of 0.5, area under the curve (AUC) is 1, which shows that our classifier performs well.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a20c98d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a20c98d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"positive_negative_rates\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Positive and negative rates<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7467256 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7467256\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"573\" data-end=\"847\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis#PositiveNegativeRatesRates\">Positive and negative rates<\/a> measure the percentage of cases that perform the desired action.<\/p><p data-start=\"573\" data-end=\"847\">In marketing applications, the positive rate is called the conversion rate, since it reflects the proportion of clients that respond positively to a campaign.<\/p><p data-start=\"849\" data-end=\"1029\">In our example, the first column of each chart represents the rates without using the model, while the second column shows the results obtained after applying the neural network.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3528a32 e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3528a32\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90bb170 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"90bb170\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"510\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Positive-rates-chart-2.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-19261\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Positive-rates-chart-2.png 510w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Positive-rates-chart-2-300x188.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94ed0c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"94ed0c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"510\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Negative-rates-chart-2.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-19263\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Negative-rates-chart-2.png 510w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Negative-rates-chart-2-300x188.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-298b980 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"298b980\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As depicted, the positive rate increases from 52.4% without the model to 0.818% with the model.<\/p><p>Similarly, the negative rate improves from 47.6% without the model to 0.8% with the model.<\/p><p>This indicates that the model achieves a perfect separation between positives and negatives, maximizing both conversion and rejection detection.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f89690 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f89690\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"cumulative_gain\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cumulative gain<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a476a13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a476a13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"79\" data-end=\"477\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis#CumulativeGain\">Cumulative gain<\/a> charts evaluate classifier performance across data segments rather than the whole dataset.<\/p><p data-start=\"79\" data-end=\"477\">They are especially useful in applications like marketing, where the aim is to capture the most positives with the fewest cases.<\/p><p data-start=\"79\" data-end=\"477\">Each instance is assigned a probability score, so if the model ranks cases well, calling those with higher scores yields more positives than random selection.<\/p><p data-start=\"479\" data-end=\"917\">In the chart, the grey line is a random classifier, the blue line is our model\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis#CumulativeGain\">cumulative gain<\/a> (above the baseline), and the red line is negative gain (below the baseline, as expected).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02bb58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e02bb58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"714\" height=\"390\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Cumulative-gain-chart-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-19266\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Cumulative-gain-chart-1.png 714w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Cumulative-gain-chart-1-300x164.png 300w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Cumulative-gain-chart-1-600x328.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 714px) 100vw, 714px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3417610 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3417610\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"479\" data-end=\"917\">In this example, all positives are identified by analyzing only 60% of the highest-ranked cases.<\/p><p data-start=\"479\" data-end=\"917\">From the curves, we can also compute the maximum <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis#CumulativeGain\">gain<\/a> score, the maximum distance between positive and negative gains, and the point of maximum <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis#CumulativeGain\">gain<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-361012e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"361012e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3105c3 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3105c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table><tbody><tr><th><p style=\"text-align: left;\">Instances ratio<\/p><\/th><td style=\"text-align: right;\">0.75<\/td><\/tr><tr><th style=\"text-align: left;\">Maximum gain score<\/th><td style=\"text-align: right;\">1<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f10400 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4f10400\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As shown in the table, the maximum distance between both lines is reached by 75% of the population and takes the value of 1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-deec21e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"deec21e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"lift_chart\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lift chart<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df538f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df538f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The information provided by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis#LiftChart\">lift charts<\/a> is closely related to that provided by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis#CumulativeGain\">cumulative gain<\/a>.<\/p><p>It represents the actual lift for each population percentage, the ratio between positive instances found using and not using the model.<\/p><p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis#LiftChart\">lift chart<\/a> for a random classifier is represented by a straight line joining the points (0,1) and (1,1).<\/p><p>The lift chart for the current model is constructed by plotting different population percentages on the x-axis against its corresponding actual lift on the y-axis.<\/p><p>If the lift chart keeps above the baseline, the model is better than randomness for every point. Back to our example, the lift chart is shown below.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49bd6f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"49bd6f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"424\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Lift-chart-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-19267\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Lift-chart-1.png 980w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Lift-chart-1-300x159.png 300w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Lift-chart-1-768x408.png 768w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Lift-chart-1-600x318.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d380b22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d380b22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As shown, the lift curve always stays above the grey line, reaching its maximum value of 1.45 for the instance ratios of 0.1 and 0.2.<\/p><p>That means that the model multiplies the percentage of positives found by 2.5 for the 10% and 20% of the population.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc6423 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ffc6423\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f1ebc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4f1ebc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Testing a model is critical for knowing a model&#8217;s performance.<\/p><p>This article has provided six different methods to test your binary models.<\/p><p>All these testing methods are available in the machine learning software <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/\">Neural Designer<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-669f446 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"669f446\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related posts<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":2556,"template":"","categories":[],"tags":[36],"class_list":["post-3403","blog","type-blog","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-tutorials"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>6 testing methods for binary classification models<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explore six testing methods for evaluating binary classification models, including metrics, ROC curves, cumulative gain, and lift charts.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/blog\/mastering-binary-classification-model-testing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" 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