{"id":3476,"date":"2025-08-29T11:12:59","date_gmt":"2025-08-29T09:12:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/colon-cancer\/"},"modified":"2026-02-11T15:47:24","modified_gmt":"2026-02-11T14:47:24","slug":"colon-cancer","status":"publish","type":"learning","link":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/colon-cancer\/","title":{"rendered":"Machine learning for treatment prescription of colon cancer"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3476\" class=\"elementor elementor-3476\" data-elementor-post-type=\"learning\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1da7a4dd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1da7a4dd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-677f329e\" data-id=\"677f329e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46839e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"46839e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e054df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9e054df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section>\n<p data-start=\"171\" data-end=\"377\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Colon cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths, and treatment outcomes depend on clinical and demographic factors. Selecting the right therapy after surgery is crucial to improving survival.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"379\" data-end=\"626\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Using data from a randomized controlled trial of 607 patients treated with Levamisole plus Fluorouracil or chemotherapy, we implemented a neural network model to predict whether a patient survives at least five years after treatment.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"628\" data-end=\"773\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This methodology highlights the potential of machine learning to support clinicians in tailoring treatments and improving patient outcomes.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"775\" data-end=\"855\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Healthcare professionals can test it with Neural Designer\u2019s trial version.<\/p>\n\n<\/section>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-183c5d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"183c5d4\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40a67db elementor-widget__width-initial boton_descarga elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"40a67db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/downloads\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-download\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M216 0h80c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24v168h87.7c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L269.7 378.3c-7.5 7.5-19.8 7.5-27.3 0L90.1 226.1c-12.6-12.6-3.7-34.1 14.1-34.1H192V24c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24zm296 376v112c0 13.3-10.7 24-24 24H24c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V376c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24h146.7l49 49c20.1 20.1 52.5 20.1 72.6 0l49-49H488c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24zm-124 88c0-11-9-20-20-20s-20 9-20 20 9 20 20 20 20-9 20-20zm64 0c0-11-9-20-20-20s-20 9-20 20 9 20 20 20 20-9 20-20z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24b5aac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"24b5aac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contents<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22fa03e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"22fa03e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The following index outlines the steps for performing the analysis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04b19e7 e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"04b19e7\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddfd23f elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"ddfd23f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#aplication_type\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">1.Model type<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-224d0df elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"224d0df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#data_set\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">2.Dataset<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d19134 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"5d19134\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#neural_network\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">3.Neural network<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33ef9e9 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"33ef9e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#training_strategy\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">4.Training strategy<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18f0a01 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"18f0a01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#testing_analysis\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">5.Testing analysis<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a11db93 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"a11db93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#model_deployment\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">6.Model deployment<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5da89ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5da89ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"aplication_type\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1. Model type<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2b5e22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2b5e22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li data-start=\"60\" data-end=\"138\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong data-start=\"60\" data-end=\"77\">Problem type:<\/strong> Binary <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/neural-networks-applications\/#Classification\">classification<\/a> (survived or deceased at five years)<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"60\" data-end=\"138\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong data-start=\"140\" data-end=\"149\">Goal:<\/strong> Model the probability of a patient surviving at least five years after treatment to support clinical decision-making.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44b5e42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"44b5e42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"data_set\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. Data set<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c362fe5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c362fe5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Data source<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The dataset coloncancer.csv includes 607 instances (rows) and 11 variables (columns), including an ID column.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f801991 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f801991\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07e8ba7 elementor-widget__width-initial boton_descarga elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"07e8ba7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/coloncancer-1.csv\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-file-download\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224 136V0H24C10.7 0 0 10.7 0 24v464c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h336c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24V160H248c-13.2 0-24-10.8-24-24zm76.45 211.36l-96.42 95.7c-6.65 6.61-17.39 6.61-24.04 0l-96.42-95.7C73.42 337.29 80.54 320 94.82 320H160v-80c0-8.84 7.16-16 16-16h32c8.84 0 16 7.16 16 16v80h65.18c14.28 0 21.4 17.29 11.27 27.36zM377 105L279.1 7c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H256v128h128v-6.1c0-6.3-2.5-12.4-7-16.9z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download Dataset<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b19259d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b19259d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Variables<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57aa00a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"57aa00a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The following list summarizes the variables&#8217; information:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-874b62d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"874b62d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Demographic<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c8ae0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6c8ae0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul data-start=\"318\" data-end=\"425\">\n \t<li data-start=\"318\" data-end=\"356\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"320\" data-end=\"356\"><strong data-start=\"320\" data-end=\"336\">sex (binary)<\/strong> \u2013 Male or female.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"357\" data-end=\"425\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"359\" data-end=\"425\"><strong data-start=\"359\" data-end=\"376\">age (numeric)<\/strong> \u2013 Patient\u2019s age at the beginning of the study.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c09f0ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c09f0ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Clinical features<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f1fdbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4f1fdbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul data-start=\"451\" data-end=\"779\">\n \t<li data-start=\"451\" data-end=\"520\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"453\" data-end=\"520\"><strong data-start=\"453\" data-end=\"477\">obstruction (binary)<\/strong> \u2013 Obstruction of the colon by the tumor.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"521\" data-end=\"577\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"523\" data-end=\"577\"><strong data-start=\"523\" data-end=\"547\">perforation (binary)<\/strong> \u2013 Perforation of the colon.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"578\" data-end=\"638\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"580\" data-end=\"638\"><strong data-start=\"580\" data-end=\"602\">adherence (binary)<\/strong> \u2013 Tumor adheres to nearby organs.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"639\" data-end=\"696\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"641\" data-end=\"696\"><strong data-start=\"641\" data-end=\"660\">nodes (numeric)<\/strong> \u2013 Number of affected lymph nodes.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"697\" data-end=\"779\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"699\" data-end=\"779\"><strong data-start=\"699\" data-end=\"729\">more_than_4_nodes (binary)<\/strong> \u2013 Whether more than 4 lymph nodes are positive.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e93865 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6e93865\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Treatment<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f89cbac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f89cbac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong data-start=\"799\" data-end=\"821\" >treatment (binary)<\/strong> \u2013 Treatment type: levamisole with fluorouracil or chemotherapy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcc8fd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fcc8fd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tumor characteristics<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9dbedb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9dbedb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1543\">\n \t<li data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1124\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"919\" data-end=\"991\"><strong data-start=\"919\" data-end=\"951\">differ_level (binary fields)<\/strong> \u2013 Differentiation level of the tumor:<\/p>\n\n<ul data-start=\"994\" data-end=\"1124\">\n \t<li data-start=\"994\" data-end=\"1059\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"996\" data-end=\"1059\">Level 2: intermediate forms with both good and bad prognosis.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"1062\" data-end=\"1124\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"1064\" data-end=\"1124\">Level 3: tumors spread more easily, and the prognosis is worse.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"1125\" data-end=\"1543\">\n<p data-start=\"1127\" data-end=\"1187\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong data-start=\"1127\" data-end=\"1159\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">extent_level (binary fields)<\/strong> \u2013 Extent of local spread:<\/p>\n\n<ul data-start=\"1190\" data-end=\"1543\">\n \t<li data-start=\"1190\" data-end=\"1305\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"1192\" data-end=\"1305\">Level 2: cancer has grown into the outer layers but not through them; no lymph node involvement; no distant spread.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"1308\" data-end=\"1407\">\n<p data-start=\"1310\" data-end=\"1407\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Level 3: cancer has invaded the submucosa; spread to 4\u20136 nearby lymph nodes; no distant spread.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"1410\" data-end=\"1543\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"1412\" data-end=\"1543\">Level 4: cancer may have grown through the wall; may involve nearby nodes; has spread to one distant organ (e.g., liver or lung).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72eac98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"72eac98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Target variable<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34a23a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"34a23a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul data-start=\"1567\" data-end=\"1672\">\n \t<li data-start=\"1567\" data-end=\"1672\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"1569\" data-end=\"1672\"><strong data-start=\"1569\" data-end=\"1589\">survival (yes or no)<\/strong> \u2013 Patient survival within 5 years after treatment.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f59366 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0f59366\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Instances<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The dataset\u2019s\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/data-set#Instances\">instances<\/a> are split into training (60%), validation (20%), and testing (20%) subsets by default.<\/p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">You can adjust them as needed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59bfdae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"59bfdae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Variables distributions<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-015084d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"015084d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">We can calculate variable <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/data-set#Distributions\">distributions<\/a>; the chart shows the number of survival and death cases in the dataset.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20a9e42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"20a9e42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"505\" height=\"380\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/survival-pie-chart.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-19730\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/survival-pie-chart.png 505w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/survival-pie-chart-300x226.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 505px) 100vw, 505px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-540adab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"540adab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As depicted in the image, patients who survived represent 57.2% of the samples, while patients who did not survive account for approximately 42.8%.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef84605 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ef84605\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">We can also represent the distribution of the treatment variable:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f888b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1f888b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"641\" height=\"380\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1.2.treatment-pie-chart.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-16256\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1.2.treatment-pie-chart.png 641w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1.2.treatment-pie-chart-300x178.png 300w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1.2.treatment-pie-chart-600x356.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-391b3a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"391b3a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As depicted in the image, 50.9% of patients received chemotherapy, while 49.1% received levamisole combined with fluorouracil.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0fd7459 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0fd7459\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Input-target correlations<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3a461a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f3a461a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/data-set#InputsTargetsCorrelations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">input-target correlations <\/a>indicate which clinical, demographic, or treatment factors most influence patient survival, and therefore are more relevant to our analysis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69fd244 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"69fd244\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"553\" height=\"630\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2.outcome-Pearson-correlations-chart.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-16257\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2.outcome-Pearson-correlations-chart.png 553w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2.outcome-Pearson-correlations-chart-263x300.png 263w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 553px) 100vw, 553px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f28c2a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f28c2a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Here, the most correlated variables with with five-year survival outcome are <b>nodes<\/b>,\u00a0<b>node4<\/b>, and\u00a0<b>treatment<\/b>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d322f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4d322f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"neural_network\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">3. Neural network<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35eced0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"35eced0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A neural network is an artificial intelligence model inspired by how the human brain processes information.<\/p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is organized in layers: the input layer receives the variables, and the output layer provides the probability of belonging to a given class.<\/p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Trained with historical data, the network learns to recognize patterns and distinguish between categories, offering objective support for decision-making.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1711541 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1711541\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"628\" height=\"850\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/3.Network-architecture-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-16258\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/3.Network-architecture-1.png 628w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/3.Network-architecture-1-222x300.png 222w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/3.Network-architecture-1-600x812.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f36a10e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f36a10e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The network uses ten diagnostic variables to predict the probability of survival, with connections showing each variable&#8217;s contribution.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f19fdc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f19fdc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"training_strategy\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">4. Training strategy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7f77aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a7f77aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"163\" data-end=\"436\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Training a neural network involves using a loss function to measure errors and an optimization algorithm to adjust the model, ensuring it learns from data while avoiding overfitting for good performance on new cases.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac5c135 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ac5c135\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"440\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4.Quasi-Newton-method-errors-history-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-16259\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4.Quasi-Newton-method-errors-history-1.png 640w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4.Quasi-Newton-method-errors-history-1-300x206.png 300w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4.Quasi-Newton-method-errors-history-1-600x413.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-650604e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"650604e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The model was trained for accuracy and stability, with training and selection errors decreasing steadily (0.836 and 0.954 WSE), indicating effective learning and generalization to new patients.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92619f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"92619f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"testing_analysis\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">5. Testing analysis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0231e6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0231e6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">We perform an exhaustive <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis\/\">testing analysis<\/a> to validate the generalization performance.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fadc4dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fadc4dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">ROC curve<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f1efdd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f1efdd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"74\" data-end=\"305\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis#RocCurve\">ROC curve<\/a> is a standard tool to evaluate a classification model, showing how well it distinguishes between two classes by comparing predicted results with actual outcomes, such as five-year survival (survived or deceased).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"307\" data-end=\"380\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">A random classifier scores 0.5, while a perfect classifier scores 1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1186cf8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1186cf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"540\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5.ROC-chart-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-16260\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5.ROC-chart-1.png 540w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5.ROC-chart-1-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5.ROC-chart-1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5.ROC-chart-1-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5.ROC-chart-1-120x120.png 120w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9cd7143 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9cd7143\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The model achieves an <strong>AUC<\/strong> of <strong>0.701<\/strong>, demonstrating strong performance in distinguishing patients who survived from those who did not.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1988fca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1988fca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Confusion matrix<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91036c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91036c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis#ConfusionMatrix\">confusion matrix<\/a> shows the model\u2019s performance by comparing predicted and actual outcomes. It includes:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73fdb5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73fdb5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li data-start=\"188\" data-end=\"251\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"190\" data-end=\"251\"><strong data-start=\"190\" data-end=\"209\">True positives:<\/strong> patients correctly predicted to survive<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"252\" data-end=\"318\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"254\" data-end=\"318\"><strong data-start=\"254\" data-end=\"274\">False positives:<\/strong> patients incorrectly predicted to survive<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"319\" data-end=\"389\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"389\"><strong data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"341\">False negatives:<\/strong> patients incorrectly predicted not to survive<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"390\" data-end=\"460\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"392\" data-end=\"460\"><strong data-start=\"392\" data-end=\"411\">True negatives:<\/strong> patients correctly predicted not to survive<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78bd2f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"78bd2f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">For a decision threshold of 0.5, the confusion matrix was:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b28a64 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2b28a64\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ecbaecc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ecbaecc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table class=\"mi-tabla\" style=\"margin: auto; display: table; border-collapse: collapse;\"><tbody><tr><th>\u00a0<\/th><th>Predicted positive<\/th><th>Predicted negative<\/th><\/tr><tr><th style=\"text-align: left;\">Real positive<\/th><td style=\"text-align: right;\">49<\/td><td style=\"text-align: right;\">20<\/td><\/tr><tr><th style=\"text-align: left;\">Real negative<\/th><td style=\"text-align: right;\">25<\/td><td style=\"text-align: right;\">27<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89045a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89045a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In this case, <strong>62.81%<\/strong> of cases were <strong>correctly classified<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>37.19%<\/strong> were <strong>misclassified<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8af1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"df8af1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Binary classification<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-022dc38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"022dc38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The performance of this <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis#BinaryClassificationTests\">binary classification tests<\/a> model is summarized with standard measures.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86710e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"86710e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"211\" data-end=\"273\"><p data-start=\"213\" data-end=\"273\"><strong data-start=\"213\" data-end=\"226\">Accuracy:<\/strong> 61.81% of patients were correctly classified.<\/p><\/li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"274\" data-end=\"327\"><p data-start=\"276\" data-end=\"327\"><strong data-start=\"276\" data-end=\"291\">Error rate:<\/strong> 37.2% of cases were misclassified.<\/p><\/li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"328\" data-end=\"405\"><p data-start=\"330\" data-end=\"405\"><strong data-start=\"330\" data-end=\"346\">Sensitivity:<\/strong> 71% of patients who survived were correctly identified.<\/p><\/li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"406\" data-end=\"489\"><p data-start=\"408\" data-end=\"489\"><strong data-start=\"408\" data-end=\"424\">Specificity:<\/strong> 51.19% of patients who did not survive were correctly identified.<\/p><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e774071 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e774071\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">These measures indicate that the model is highly effective at predicting five-year survival.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf14eca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf14eca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Directional outputs<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42b4a64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42b4a64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/model-deployment#DirectionalOutputs\">Directional outputs<\/a> were analyzed to assess five-year survival (alive vs. deceased) as a function of individual variables.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d3c71e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7d3c71e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"466\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/6.outcome-treatment-directional-output-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-16263\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/6.outcome-treatment-directional-output-1.png 466w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/6.outcome-treatment-directional-output-1-300x206.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 466px) 100vw, 466px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-641edc0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"641edc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The graph shows survival probability by treatment: overall survival was 56.5%, 73.2% with Levamisole\u2013Fluorouracil, and 68.6% with chemotherapy, indicating slightly better outcomes with the combination therapy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04630a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e04630a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"model_deployment\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">6. Model deployment<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-288dacd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"288dacd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">After confirming the neural network\u2019s ability to generalize, the model can be saved for future use in deployment mode.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This allows the trained network to be applied to new patients, using their clinical variables to calculate the probability of colon cancer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02c8491 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"02c8491\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/colon_cancer_model.html\"\nwidth=\"100%\" height=\"1000\"\nstyle=\"border:none\"><\/iframe>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6416e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b6416e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In deployment mode, healthcare professionals can use the model as a reliable diagnostic support tool for classifying new patients.<\/p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/my-account\/\">Neural Designer<\/a>\u00a0software exports the trained model automatically, making it easy to integrate into clinical practice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7dffa7 e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b7dffa7\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a583930 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a583930\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdede1a elementor-widget__width-initial boton_descarga elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"fdede1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/downloads\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-file-download\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224 136V0H24C10.7 0 0 10.7 0 24v464c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h336c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24V160H248c-13.2 0-24-10.8-24-24zm76.45 211.36l-96.42 95.7c-6.65 6.61-17.39 6.61-24.04 0l-96.42-95.7C73.42 337.29 80.54 320 94.82 320H160v-80c0-8.84 7.16-16 16-16h32c8.84 0 16 7.16 16 16v80h65.18c14.28 0 21.4 17.29 11.27 27.36zM377 105L279.1 7c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H256v128h128v-6.1c0-6.3-2.5-12.4-7-16.9z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66d94c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66d94c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"font-family: Outfit, sans-serif; color: #242424;\">Conclusions<\/h2><ul><li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"170\" data-end=\"350\">The colon cancer survival prediction model, trained on 607 patients, showed moderate but clinically meaningful performance (AUC = 0.701) in predicting five-year survival.<\/li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"170\" data-end=\"350\">Key factors\u2014number of affected lymph nodes, &gt;4 positive nodes, and treatment type\u2014align with established oncology knowledge, supporting the model\u2019s reliability.<\/li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"170\" data-end=\"350\">This study demonstrates how machine learning can complement traditional methods, helping oncologists with treatment decisions and survival assessment.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfc3956 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bfc3956\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>References<\/h2>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">We have obtained the data for this problem from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coursera.org\/learn\/ai-for-medical-treatment\">Coursera<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-557a562 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"557a562\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Related posts<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":2498,"template":"","categories":[29],"tags":[38],"class_list":["post-3476","learning","type-learning","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-examples","tag-healthcare"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Machine learning for treatment prescription of colon cancer<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Build a machine learning model to predict the probability that a patient will live for five years and the prescription of their treatment.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/colon-cancer\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Colon cancer treatment machine learning example\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This example examines data from an RCT, measuring the effect of a particular drug combination on colon cancer. 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