{"id":3481,"date":"2025-09-03T11:12:59","date_gmt":"2025-09-03T09:12:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/diabetic-retinopathy-prognosis\/"},"modified":"2026-10-06T13:26:51","modified_gmt":"2026-10-06T11:26:51","slug":"diabetic-retinopathy-risk-prediction","status":"publish","type":"learning","link":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/diabetic-retinopathy-risk-prediction\/","title":{"rendered":"Diabetic retinopathy image-feature classification"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>\n.nds{box-sizing:border-box;--nds-code-bg:#f3f7fa;--nds-code-fg:#12354b;width:100%;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;padding:22px 0 14px;background:#fff;color:#1b2635;font-family:\"Outfit\",\"Roboto\",Arial,sans-serif}\n.nds *{box-sizing:border-box}.nds-wrap{width:min(calc(100% - 48px),1160px);margin:0 auto}.nds a{text-decoration:none;color:#2d799f}\n.nds-executive{margin:0 0 34px;padding:32px;border-radius:20px;}.nds-executive h2{margin:0 0 12px;font-size:30px}.nds-executive p{font-size:18px;line-height:1.55}\n.nds-kpis{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,minmax(0,1fr));gap:14px;margin-top:22px}.nds-kpi{padding:18px;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.18);border-radius:14px}.nds-kpi strong{display:block;font-size:25px}.nds-kpi span{font-size:13px}\n.nds-actions,.nds-audience,.nds-downloads{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;gap:12px;margin:22px 0}\n.nds-toc{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;gap:10px;margin:0 0 42px;padding:0;list-style:none}.nds-toc a,.nds-audience span{display:block;padding:9px 14px;border-radius:20px;background:#e9f2f8;color:#12354b;font-weight:600}\n.nds-card{margin:0 0 54px;scroll-margin-top:90px}.nds-card h2{margin:0 0 20px;padding-bottom:12px;border-bottom:1px solid #dbe5ec;color:#001233;font-size:24px}.nds-card p,.nds-card li{font-size:16.5px;line-height:1.6}.nds-card img{display:block;width:auto;max-width:min(640px,100%);height:auto;margin:24px auto;border-radius:12px}.nds-card img.nds-architecture{width:min(1000px,100%);max-width:100%}\n.nds-value-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:16px;margin:22px 0}.nds-value{padding:20px;border:1px solid #dce8ef;border-radius:14px;background:#f8fbfd}.nds-note{margin:20px 0;padding:18px 20px;border-left:4px solid #56a1c8;border-radius:0 12px 12px 0;background:#f6fafc}.nds-note--warning,.nds-use-boundary{border-left-color:#d79a29;background:#fff9ed}\n.nds-table-scroll{width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto}.nds-card table{width:auto;max-width:100%;margin:24px auto;border-collapse:collapse;background:#fff}.nds-card th,.nds-card td{padding:11px 16px;border-bottom:1px solid #e2e9ee}.nds-card thead th{background:#12354b!important;color:#fff!important}.nds-card tbody th{background:#eaf2f6!important;color:#12354b!important;text-align:left}.nds-card tbody tr:nth-child(even) th{background:#f4f8fa!important}.nds-card tbody td{color:#33424f!important}\nbody.nd-design-safe .nd-native-article__content .nds-table-scroll table{display:table!important;width:auto!important;min-width:0!important;max-width:100%!important;margin:24px auto!important;overflow:visible!important}\n.nds-figure-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(min(100%,520px),600px));justify-content:center;gap:24px;margin:24px 0}.nds-figure-grid figure,.nds-centered-figure,.nds-architecture-figure,.nds-interactive-figure{width:100%;max-width:100%;margin:0 auto!important;padding:0;border:0;background:transparent}.nds-centered-figure{width:min(720px,100%)}.nds-architecture-figure{width:min(1120px,100%)}.nds-interactive-figure{width:min(920px,100%)}.nds-roc-figure{width:min(620px,100%)}.nds-architecture-link{display:block}.nds-figure-grid img,.nds-card figure.nds-centered-figure>img,.nds-card figure.nds-architecture-figure img{display:block!important;width:100%!important;max-width:100%!important;height:auto!important;margin:0 auto 12px!important}.nds-interactive-chart{width:100%;height:clamp(390px,48vw,560px);overflow:hidden;border:1px solid #dce5ea;border-radius:10px;background:#fff}.nds-interactive-figure--dataset .nds-interactive-chart{height:clamp(680px,72vw,780px)}.nds-card figcaption{color:#405361;font-size:14px;line-height:1.45}.nds-interactive-figure figcaption{margin-top:10px;text-align:left}\n.nds-comparison-grid{grid-column:1\/-1;display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);justify-self:center;gap:28px;width:100%;margin:28px 0}.nds-comparison-grid>.nds-comparison-item{min-width:0}.nds-comparison-grid>br,.nds-comparison-grid>p:empty{display:none!important}.nds-comparison-grid .nds-interactive-figure{display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%}.nds-comparison-grid .nds-interactive-chart{height:clamp(420px,42vw,520px)}@media(min-width:1180px){.nds-comparison-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));align-items:start;width:100%;max-width:100%}.nds-comparison-grid .nds-interactive-chart{height:500px}}\n.nds pre,.nds .wp-block-code,.nds pre[class*=\"language-\"]{display:block;max-width:100%;overflow:auto;padding:18px 20px!important;border:1px solid #d5e2e9!important;border-radius:12px!important;background:var(--nds-code-bg)!important;color:var(--nds-code-fg)!important;box-shadow:none!important;text-shadow:none!important;white-space:pre}\n.nds pre code,.nds pre code *,.nds .wp-block-code code,.nds .wp-block-code code *{border:0!important;background:transparent!important;color:var(--nds-code-fg)!important;box-shadow:none!important;text-shadow:none!important;font-family:Consolas,\"Liberation Mono\",monospace!important;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55}\n.nds :not(pre)>code{padding:.08em .32em;border-radius:4px;background:#e6eef3!important;color:#12354b!important}.nds .nds-expression{max-width:100%;overflow:auto;margin:22px auto;padding:18px 20px;border:1px solid #d5e2e9;border-radius:12px;background:#fff!important;color:#12354b!important;text-align:center}.nds .nds-expression math,.nds .nds-expression mjx-container,.nds .nds-expression .MathJax{background:transparent!important;color:#12354b!important}\n.nds .nds-calculator-grid>br,.nds .nds-calculator-grid>p:empty{display:none!important}\n@media(max-width:820px){.nds-kpis{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}.nds-value-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}}@media(max-width:620px){.nds{padding:12px 0}.nds-kpis,.nds-figure-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.nds-executive{padding:24px 20px}.nds-card table{font-size:13px}.nds-card th,.nds-card td{padding:9px 8px}}\n\/* nd-shared-components:start *\/html body.nds-shared:not(.wp-admin), html body.nds-shared:not(.wp-admin) :is(.site-main,.site-content,.entry-content,.page-content,.nd-native-article,.nd-native-article__content,.nd-home-page,.nd-product-page,.nd-company-page,.nd-contact-page,.nd-downloads-page,.nd-account-page,.nd-plain-page,.nd-blog-page,.ndlh-page,.ndhub,.ndth,.ndts,.ndareas,.ndarea,.ndeu), html body:not(.wp-admin) :is(.ndb,.nds,.ndg,.nd-page-surface){background-color:#fff!important;background-image:none!important} :is(.ndb,.nds) :is(.ndb-executive,.nds-executive,.ndb-highlight){background:#f4f7f9;color:#193645} :is(.ndb,.nds) :is(.ndb-executive,.nds-executive,.ndb-highlight) :is(h2,h3){color:#193645} :is(.ndb,.nds) :is(.ndb-executive,.nds-executive,.ndb-highlight) p{color:#52636f} :is(.ndb,.nds) :is(.ndb-kpi,.nds-kpi){background:#245e80;color:#fff} :is(.ndb,.nds) :is(.ndb-kpi,.nds-kpi) strong{color:#fff} :is(.ndb,.nds) :is(.ndb-kpi,.nds-kpi) span{color:#d9edf7} :is(.ndb,.nds) :is(.aui-button,.ndb-actions a,.ndb-downloads a,.nds-actions a,.nds-downloads a){box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:8px;min-width:0;min-height:48px;max-width:100%;height:auto;padding:11px 20px;background:#176b91;color:#fff;border:1px solid #176b91;border-radius:6px;font-family:Roboto,\"Segoe UI\",Arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;overflow-wrap:anywhere;box-shadow:none;cursor:pointer} :is(.ndb,.nds) :is(.aui-button,.ndb-actions a,.ndb-downloads a,.nds-actions a,.nds-downloads a):is(:hover,:focus-visible){background:#125574;color:#fff;border-color:#125574} :is(.ndb,.nds) :is(.aui-button,.ndb-actions a,.ndb-downloads a,.nds-actions a,.nds-downloads a):focus-visible{outline:3px solid #176b91;outline-offset:4px} :is(.ndb,.nds) .aui-button.aui-button--secondary{background:#fff;color:#176b91;border-color:#176b91} :is(.ndb,.nds) .aui-button.aui-button--secondary:is(:hover,:focus-visible){background:#f4f7f9;color:#125574;border-color:#125574} :is(.ndb,.nds) .aui-button:is(:disabled,[aria-disabled=\"true\"],.disabled){opacity:.55;cursor:not-allowed} @media(forced-colors:active){:is(.ndb,.nds) .aui-button{border-color:ButtonText}:is(.ndb,.nds) .aui-button:focus-visible{outline-color:Highlight}} html body :is(.nd-native-article__content,.entry-content,.page-content,.ndb,.nds,.ndg) :is(.nd-table-scroll,.ndb-table-scroll,.nds-table-scroll,.ndg-table-wrap,.ndb-table-wrap,.ndb-confusion-wrap,.wp-block-table){box-sizing:border-box;display:block!important;width:100%!important;min-width:0!important;max-width:100%!important;padding:0!important;background:transparent!important;border:0!important;box-shadow:none!important;overflow-x:auto!important;overscroll-behavior-inline:contain;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch} html body :is(.nd-native-article__content,.entry-content,.page-content,.ndb,.nds,.ndg) :is(.nd-table-scroll,.ndb-table-scroll,.nds-table-scroll,.ndg-table-wrap,.ndb-table-wrap,.ndb-confusion-wrap,.wp-block-table)>table, html body :is(.nd-native-article__content,.entry-content,.page-content,.ndb,.nds,.ndg) table.nd-content-table{display:table!important;width:auto!important;min-width:0!important;max-width:100%!important;margin:24px auto!important;float:none!important;table-layout:auto!important;overflow:visible!important} html body :is(.nd-native-article__content,.entry-content,.page-content,.ndb,.nds,.ndg) .nd-table-scroll:focus-visible{outline:3px solid #176b91;outline-offset:3px} html body.nds-shared:not(.wp-admin) .aui-button.aui-button, html body :is(.ndb,.nds,.nd-page-surface) .aui-button.aui-button{box-sizing:border-box;min-height:48px!important;height:auto!important;padding:11px 20px!important;border:1px solid #176b91!important;border-radius:6px!important;font-family:Roboto,\"Segoe UI\",Arial,sans-serif!important;font-size:16px!important;font-weight:700!important;line-height:1.5!important;color:#fff!important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#fff!important;background:#176b91!important;text-shadow:none!important;box-shadow:none!important;transform:none!important;translate:none!important;scale:none!important;rotate:none!important;transition:none!important;animation:none!important} html body.nds-shared:not(.wp-admin) .aui-button.aui-button:is(:hover,:focus-visible), html body :is(.ndb,.nds,.nd-page-surface) .aui-button.aui-button:is(:hover,:focus-visible){color:#fff!important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#fff!important;background:#125574!important;border-color:#125574!important} html body.nds-shared:not(.wp-admin) .aui-button.aui-button:is(:hover,:focus,:focus-visible), html body :is(.ndb,.nds,.nd-page-surface) .aui-button.aui-button:is(:hover,:focus,:focus-visible){box-shadow:none!important;transform:none!important;translate:none!important;scale:none!important;rotate:none!important;transition:none!important;animation:none!important} html body.nds-shared:not(.wp-admin) .aui-button.aui-button.aui-button--secondary, html body :is(.ndb,.nds,.nd-page-surface) .aui-button.aui-button.aui-button--secondary{color:#176b91!important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#176b91!important;background:#fff!important;border-color:#176b91!important} html body.nds-shared:not(.wp-admin) .aui-button.aui-button.aui-button--secondary:is(:hover,:focus-visible), html body :is(.ndb,.nds,.nd-page-surface) .aui-button.aui-button.aui-button--secondary:is(:hover,:focus-visible){color:#125574!important;-webkit-text-fill-color:#125574!important;background:#f4f7f9!important;border-color:#125574!important} html body.nds-shared:not(.wp-admin) .aui-button.aui-button:focus-visible, html body :is(.ndb,.nds,.nd-page-surface) .aui-button.aui-button:focus-visible{outline:3px solid #176b91!important;outline-offset:4px!important} html body.nds-shared:not(.wp-admin) .aui-button.aui-button :is(span,strong,b,em,i), html body :is(.ndb,.nds,.nd-page-surface) .aui-button.aui-button :is(span,strong,b,em,i){color:inherit!important;-webkit-text-fill-color:inherit!important} @media(forced-colors:active){html body .aui-button.aui-button{border-color:ButtonText!important}html body .aui-button.aui-button:focus-visible{outline-color:Highlight!important}} html body{--nd-content-width:1160px;--nd-content-gutter:24px} @media(max-width:640px){html body{--nd-content-gutter:20px}} html body.nds-shared .aui{--aui-width:var(--nd-content-width);--aui-gutter:var(--nd-content-gutter)} html body.nds-shared :is(.aui-container,.nd-native-article__content,.nds-article-content,.nd-home-wrap,.nd-product-wrap,.nd-company-main,.ndlh-wrap,.nd-blog-main,.ndhub-wrap,.ndth-wrap,.ndts-wrap,.ndareas-wrap,.ndarea-wrap,.ndeu-wrap,.nd-contact-wrap,.nd-downloads-wrap,.nd-plain-wrap,.nd-account-hero-inner,.nd-account-main), html body :is(.nd-content-container,.ndb-wrap,.nds-wrap,.ndg-wrap){box-sizing:border-box!important;width:min(calc(100% - 2 * var(--nd-content-gutter)),var(--nd-content-width))!important;max-width:var(--nd-content-width)!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important} html body :is(.ndb,.nds,.ndg){box-sizing:border-box!important;width:100%!important;max-width:100%!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important;padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important;text-align:left} html body :is(.aui-container,.nd-native-article__content,.nds-article-content,.nd-content-container) :is(.aui-container,.nd-content-container,.ndb-wrap,.nds-wrap,.ndg-wrap,.nds-editorial-wrap){width:100%!important;max-width:100%!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important;padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important} html body.nds-shared :is(.nd-home-service-grid,.nds-editorial-wrap){width:100%!important;max-width:100%!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important} html body.nds-shared :is(.aui-content-copy,.aui-section-heading,.aui-section-note,.nds-legal-copy,.nd-legal-copy):not(.aui-container):not(.nd-content-container){width:100%!important;max-width:none!important;text-align:left!important} html body.nds-shared :is(.aui-section-heading p,.nds-learning-closing h2,.aui-closing-inner>div){max-width:none!important;text-align:left!important} html body :is(.nds-article-section,.ndb-wrap>.ndb-card,.nds-wrap>.nds-card){box-sizing:border-box!important;width:100%!important;max-width:100%!important;padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important;text-align:left!important} html body:not(.wp-admin) :is(.nds-article-section,.ndb-card,.nds-card,.aui-content-copy,.nds-legal-copy,.nd-legal-copy,.nd-native-article__content,.nds-article-content,.nds-editorial-page-content,.nd-content-container)>:is(p,h1,h2,h3,h4,ul,ol):not(:has(img,svg,canvas,iframe,video,math,mjx-container,.MathJax)){max-width:none!important;text-align:left!important} html body :is(.ndb,.nds) :is(.nds-comparison-grid,.ndb-comparison-grid,.ndb-figure-grid){width:100%!important;max-width:100%!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important} html body.nds-shared main.site-main>.page-content:not(.aui-container):not(:has(.aui-container,.nd-native-article__content,.nds-article-content,.nd-content-container,.nd-home-wrap,.nd-product-wrap,.nd-company-main,.ndlh-wrap,.nd-blog-main,.ndhub-wrap,.ndth-wrap,.ndts-wrap,.ndareas-wrap,.ndarea-wrap,.ndeu-wrap,.nd-contact-wrap,.nd-downloads-wrap,.nd-plain-wrap,.nd-account-hero-inner,.nd-account-main,.ndb-wrap,.nds-wrap,.ndg-wrap)){box-sizing:border-box!important;width:min(calc(100% - 2 * var(--nd-content-gutter)),var(--nd-content-width))!important;max-width:var(--nd-content-width)!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important} html body :is(main,.ndb,.nds,.ndg,.nd-content-container) :is(figure,.wp-caption,.nd-media-block):not(.wp-block-gallery){ float:none!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box; } html body :is(main,.ndb,.nds,.ndg,.nd-content-container) :is(.nd-content-image,figure>img,figure>a>img,figure>picture>img,.wp-caption>img,.wp-caption>a>img,.nd-media-block>img,.nd-media-block>a>img,.nd-media-block>picture>img){ display:block!important;float:none!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box; } html body :is(main,.ndb,.nds,.ndg,.nd-content-container) :is(.nd-media-link,.nd-media-block>picture){display:block;max-width:100%;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important} html body :is(.nd-media-group,.ndb-figure-grid,.ndb-selection-grid,.nds-figure-grid,.ndb-comparison-grid,.nds-comparison-grid,.nd-comparison-grid,.wp-block-gallery){ display:flex!important;flex-wrap:wrap!important;justify-content:center!important;align-items:flex-start!important;gap:24px!important; max-width:100%!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;box-sizing:border-box; } html body :is(.ndb-figure-grid,.ndb-selection-grid,.nds-figure-grid,.ndb-comparison-grid,.nds-comparison-grid,.nd-comparison-grid)>:is(figure,.ndb-figure-item,.nds-figure-item,.ndb-comparison-item,.nds-comparison-item,.nd-comparison-item,.ndb-interactive-bundle,.nds-interactive-bundle){ flex:0 1 calc((100% - 24px)\/2)!important;width:calc((100% - 24px)\/2)!important;min-width:0!important;max-width:100%!important;margin:0!important;box-sizing:border-box; } html body .nd-media-group>:is(img,a,picture,figure,.nd-media-item){flex:0 1 auto;min-width:0;max-width:calc((100% - 24px)\/2)!important;margin:0!important;box-sizing:border-box} html body .nd-media-group>:is(a,picture,.nd-media-item)>img{max-width:100%!important} html body .nd-media-group>:is(.nd-content-image,.nd-media-link,.nd-media-item){margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important} html body :is(.nd-media-group,.ndb-figure-grid,.ndb-selection-grid,.nds-figure-grid,.ndb-comparison-grid,.nds-comparison-grid,.nd-comparison-grid)>:is(br,p:empty){display:none!important} html body .nd-media-helper{display:none!important} @media(max-width:1020px){ html body :is(.ndb-figure-grid,.ndb-selection-grid,.nds-figure-grid,.ndb-comparison-grid,.nds-comparison-grid,.nd-comparison-grid)>:is(figure,.ndb-figure-item,.nds-figure-item,.ndb-comparison-item,.nds-comparison-item,.nd-comparison-item,.ndb-interactive-bundle,.nds-interactive-bundle){flex-basis:100%!important;width:100%!important} } @media(max-width:640px){ html body .nd-media-group>:is(img,a,picture,figure,.nd-media-item){max-width:100%!important} } html body.nds-shared .aui.nds-content-scope :is(h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6), html body.nds-shared :is(main,.ndb,.nds,.ndg,.nd-content-container) :is(h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6), html body :is(main,.ndb,.nds,.ndg,.nd-content-container) :is(h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6){ font-family:Outfit,Roboto,Arial,sans-serif!important;font-weight:600!important; font-style:normal;letter-spacing:-.02em;text-transform:none;overflow-wrap:anywhere; } html body.nds-shared :is(main,.ndb,.nds,.ndg,.nd-content-container) :is(h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6)>:is(span,strong,b,a), html body :is(main,.ndb,.nds,.ndg,.nd-content-container) :is(h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6)>:is(span,strong,b,a){ font-family:inherit!important;font-weight:inherit!important;font-size:inherit!important;line-height:inherit!important; } html body.nds-shared .aui.nds-content-scope .nd-section-title, html body :is(.nd-section-title,.ndb-card>h2,.nds-card>h2){ display:block!important;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%!important;max-width:none!important; color:#193645!important;font-size:32px!important;font-weight:600!important;line-height:1.25!important; text-align:left!important;letter-spacing:-.02em!important; margin:0 0 20px!important;padding:0 0 12px!important; border:0!important;border-bottom:1px solid #dbe5ec!important;border-radius:0!important; background:none!important;box-shadow:none!important; } html body .nd-section-title>:is(span,strong,b,a){color:inherit!important} html body .nd-section-title::after{content:none!important} html body :is(.nd-heading-section,.nd-heading-step){border-top:0!important} html body .nd-heading-step{display:block!important;padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important} html body .nd-heading-step>:is(.ndg-step__body,.nds-step-body){width:100%!important;max-width:none!important;margin-left:0!important;padding-left:0!important} html body :is(.nd-heading-number-source,.nd-heading-divider){display:none!important} html body .nd-section-title>.nd-heading-number{display:inline!important;color:inherit!important;background:none!important;border:0!important;border-radius:0!important;box-shadow:none!important;padding:0!important;margin:0!important;font:inherit!important;white-space:normal} @media(max-width:640px){html body.nds-shared .aui.nds-content-scope .nd-section-title,html body :is(.nd-section-title,.ndb-card>h2,.nds-card>h2){font-size:28px!important}} html body{--nd-photo-tint:rgba(220,238,250,.9);--nd-photo-surface:#dceefa} html body :is(.ndlh-area-card,.nd-photo-card){position:relative;isolation:isolate;overflow:hidden;background-color:var(--nd-photo-surface)!important} html body .nd-photo-card{background-image:var(--nd-photo-bg,none);background-size:cover;background-position:center} html body :is(.ndlh-area-card,.nd-photo-card)::before{ content:\"\"!important;position:absolute!important;inset:0!important;z-index:1!important; background:var(--nd-photo-tint)!important;opacity:1!important;pointer-events:none!important; } html body :is(.ndlh-area-card,.nd-photo-card)>img{ position:absolute!important;inset:0!important;width:100%!important;height:100%!important; max-width:100%!important;object-fit:cover!important;margin:0!important;z-index:0!important; } html body :is(.ndlh-area-card,.nd-photo-card)>:is(.ndlh-area-body,.nds-card-body,.nd-photo-card__body){position:relative!important;z-index:2!important} html body .nd-photo-card__body{padding:24px;color:#193645} html body :is(.ndlh-area-card,.nd-photo-card) :is(.ndlh-area-body,.nds-card-body,.nd-photo-card__body) :is(h2,h3,h4){color:#193645!important} html body :is(.ndlh-area-card,.nd-photo-card) :is(.ndlh-area-body,.nds-card-body,.nd-photo-card__body) :is(p,li){color:#425563!important} html body :is(.ndlh-area-card,.nd-photo-card) :is(.ndlh-area-body,.nds-card-body,.nd-photo-card__body) a:not(:is(.aui-button,.button,.wp-element-button,.wp-block-button__link,[role=\"button\"])){color:#125574!important} html body :is(.ndareas-group-head,.ndhub-card-head,.nd-photo-header){ background-color:var(--nd-photo-surface)!important; background-image:linear-gradient(var(--nd-photo-tint),var(--nd-photo-tint)),var(--nd-photo-bg,var(--ndareas-bg,var(--ndhub-bg,none)))!important; background-size:cover!important;background-position:center!important; color:#193645; }\/* nd-shared-components:end *\/\n<\/style>\n<div class=\"nds\" data-health-profile=\"biomedical-research\">\n<div class=\"nds-wrap\">\n<section class=\"nds-executive\"><h2>Classify signs of retinopathy in image features<\/h2><p>Use 19 extracted Messidor image descriptors to classify the presence of recorded diabetic-retinopathy signs. The Debrecen benchmark contains 1,151 rows and the saved project tests 230 of them.<\/p><div class=\"nds-kpis\"><div class=\"nds-kpi\"><strong>1,151<\/strong><span>Source records<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nds-kpi\"><strong>19<\/strong><span>Encoded input values<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nds-kpi\"><strong>230<\/strong><span>Testing-role records<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nds-kpi\"><strong>1<\/strong><span>Model outputs<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nds-actions\"><a class=\"aui aui-button\" href=\"#6-clinical-validation\">Review the current model<\/a><a class=\"aui aui-button aui-button--secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/nd-diabeticretinopathy-licensed-20261006.zip\">Review the data<\/a><\/div><\/section>\n<ul class=\"nds-toc\"><li><a href=\"#1-intended-use\">Question and use<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#2-cohort-endpoint\">Cohort and endpoint<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#3-model\">Model<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#4-training\">Training<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#5-selection\">Selection<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#6-clinical-validation\">Validation<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#7-workflow\">Workflow<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#8-safety\">Safety and validity<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<section id=\"1-intended-use\" class=\"nds-card\"><h2>1. Clinical question and intended use<\/h2><p>The research question is whether image-level lesion and anatomical descriptors distinguish the provided signs-of-retinopathy label. This is an image-feature classification experiment, not a forecast of a future retinopathy event.<\/p><div class=\"nds-value-grid\"><div class=\"nds-value-card\"><h3>Image descriptors<\/h3><p>Use the feature extraction defined by the dataset.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nds-value-card\"><h3>Operating point<\/h3><p>Inspect confusion counts at threshold 0.5.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nds-value-card\"><h3>Evidence boundary<\/h3><p>Separate internal classification from clinical utility.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nds-audience\"><span>Biomedical imaging<\/span><span>Ophthalmic research<\/span><span>Model validation<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nds-note nds-use-boundary\">Educational biomedical benchmark. It does not provide screening advice, diagnosis or treatment recommendations.<\/div><\/section>\n<section id=\"2-cohort-endpoint\" class=\"nds-card\"><h2>2. Cohort, measurements and endpoint<\/h2><p>The UCI Diabetic Retinopathy Debrecen data include image quality and prescreening flags, microaneurysm and exudate descriptors, normalized anatomical measurements and an AM\/FM classification result. Class 1 represents signs of retinopathy; class 0 represents their absence in the source annotation.<\/p><p>Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.ics.uci.edu\/dataset\/329\/diabetic+retinopathy+debrecen\">Diabetic Retinopathy Debrecen<\/a>. Dataset license: CC-BY-4.0. The downloadable ZIP includes the adapted data and attribution notices.<\/p><div class=\"nd-table-scroll\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Dataset measure<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Saved value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Analysis unit<\/th><td>image-feature record<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Records<\/th><td>1,151<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Raw variables<\/th><td>20<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Encoded model inputs<\/th><td>19<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Model outputs<\/th><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Training roles<\/th><td>691<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Validation \/ selection roles<\/th><td>230<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Testing roles<\/th><td>230<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Unused roles<\/th><td>0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nd-table-scroll\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Field<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Categories<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">quality<\/th><td>Input<\/td><td>Binary<\/td><td>0, 1<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">pre_screening<\/th><td>Input<\/td><td>Binary<\/td><td>0, 1<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">ma1<\/th><td>Input<\/td><td>Numeric<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">ma2<\/th><td>Input<\/td><td>Numeric<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">ma3<\/th><td>Input<\/td><td>Numeric<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">ma4<\/th><td>Input<\/td><td>Numeric<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">ma5<\/th><td>Input<\/td><td>Numeric<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">ma6<\/th><td>Input<\/td><td>Numeric<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">exudate1<\/th><td>Input<\/td><td>Numeric<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">exudate2<\/th><td>Input<\/td><td>Numeric<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">exudate3<\/th><td>Input<\/td><td>Numeric<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">exudate4<\/th><td>Input<\/td><td>Numeric<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">exudate5<\/th><td>Input<\/td><td>Numeric<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">exudate6<\/th><td>Input<\/td><td>Numeric<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">exudate7<\/th><td>Input<\/td><td>Numeric<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">exudate8<\/th><td>Input<\/td><td>Numeric<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">macula_optic_disc_distance<\/th><td>Input<\/td><td>Numeric<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">optic_disc_diameter<\/th><td>Input<\/td><td>Numeric<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">am_fm_classification<\/th><td>Input<\/td><td>Binary<\/td><td>0, 1<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">class<\/th><td>Target<\/td><td>Binary<\/td><td>0, 1<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nd-comparison-grid\"><div class=\"nd-comparison-item\"><figure class=\"nd-media-block\"><div class=\"nd-chart-bundle\" data-native-chart=\"nd-licensed-diabeticretinopathy-t0-s2-20261006\"><div class=\"nd-chart-host\" id=\"nd-licensed-diabeticretinopathy-t0-s2-20261006\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Target class distribution pie chart\"><\/div><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"nd-chart-fallback\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/nd-licensed-diabeticretinopathy-t0-s2-20261006.png\" alt=\"Target class distribution pie chart\"><script type=\"application\/json\">{\"config\":{\"displayModeBar\":true,\"displaylogo\":false,\"editable\":false,\"responsive\":true,\"scrollZoom\":true,\"toImageButtonOptions\":{\"filename\":\"neural-designer-chart\",\"format\":\"svg\"}},\"data\":[{\"direction\":\"clockwise\",\"hovertemplate\":\"%{label}\\u003cbr\\u003e%{value}\\u003cbr\\u003e%{percent}\\u003cextra\\u003e\\u003c\/extra\\u003e\",\"labels\":[\"0\",\"1\"],\"marker\":{\"colors\":[\"#209fdf\",\"#092d40\"]},\"showlegend\":true,\"sort\":false,\"textinfo\":\"label+percent\",\"type\":\"pie\",\"values\":[46.91999816894531,53.08000183105469]}],\"layout\":{\"autosize\":true,\"font\":{\"color\":\"#30343b\",\"family\":\"Arial, sans-serif\",\"size\":14},\"hovermode\":\"closest\",\"legend\":{},\"margin\":{\"l\":95,\"r\":45,\"t\":65,\"b\":95},\"paper_bgcolor\":\"#fff\",\"plot_bgcolor\":\"#fff\",\"title\":{\"automargin\":true,\"pad\":{\"t\":48},\"text\":\"Target class distribution pie chart\",\"x\":0.5,\"xanchor\":\"center\",\"y\":1,\"yanchor\":\"top\",\"yref\":\"container\",\"font\":{\"size\":17}},\"height\":500}}<\/script><\/div><figcaption>Target class distribution pie chart. Native Neural Designer report for this project.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nds-note nds-note--provenance\">The saved project assigns rows to training, validation and testing as shown above. This is internal record-level evaluation; it does not demonstrate separation by subject, device, site or acquisition batch.<\/div><\/section>\n<section id=\"3-model\" class=\"nds-card\"><h2>3. Model<\/h2><p>The model has 19 encoded inputs and 1 outputs. No architecture-selection experiment is recorded in this project. The diagram shows the topology used by the saved model.<\/p><div class=\"nd-table-scroll\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Layer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Input shape<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Output shape<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Activation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Scaling<\/th><td>19<\/td><td>19<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Dense<\/th><td>19<\/td><td>3<\/td><td>Tanh<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Dense<\/th><td>3<\/td><td>1<\/td><td>Sigmoid<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p>Output values are uncalibrated model scores. For binary evaluation, the saved positive class is <strong>1<\/strong>.<\/p><figure class=\"nds-architecture-figure\" data-model-stage=\"initial\"><a class=\"nds-architecture-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/nd-licensed-diabeticretinopathy-t3-s1-20261006.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"nds-architecture\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/nd-licensed-diabeticretinopathy-t3-s1-20261006.png\" alt=\"Diabetic retinopathy image-feature classification \u2014 initial network architecture\"><\/a><figcaption>Topology of the saved current model; no architecture selection is recorded.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/section>\n<section id=\"4-training\" class=\"nds-card\"><h2>4. Training strategy<\/h2><p>The saved training configuration uses QuasiNewton with WeightedSquaredError.<\/p><h3>Quasi-Newton method results<\/h3><div class=\"nd-table-scroll\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Measure<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Epochs number<\/th><td>190<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Elapsed time<\/th><td>00:00:00<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Stopping criterion<\/th><td>Maximum validation error increases<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Training error<\/th><td>0.605<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Validation error<\/th><td>0.691<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nd-comparison-grid\"><div class=\"nd-comparison-item\"><figure class=\"nd-media-block\"><div class=\"nd-chart-bundle\" data-native-chart=\"nd-licensed-diabeticretinopathy-t4-s2-20261006\"><div class=\"nd-chart-host\" id=\"nd-licensed-diabeticretinopathy-t4-s2-20261006\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Quasi-Newton method error history\"><\/div><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"nd-chart-fallback\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/nd-licensed-diabeticretinopathy-t4-s2-20261006.png\" alt=\"Quasi-Newton method error history\"><script type=\"application\/json\">{\"config\":{\"displayModeBar\":true,\"displaylogo\":false,\"editable\":false,\"responsive\":true,\"scrollZoom\":true,\"toImageButtonOptions\":{\"filename\":\"neural-designer-chart\",\"format\":\"svg\"}},\"data\":[{\"connectgaps\":false,\"line\":{\"color\":\"#529cc2\",\"dash\":\"solid\",\"width\":2},\"mode\":\"lines\",\"name\":\"Training error\",\"opacity\":1,\"showlegend\":true,\"type\":\"scatter\",\"x\":[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189],\"y\":[1,1,0.9950000047683716,0.9769999980926514,0.9570000171661377,0.9470000267028809,0.9340000152587891,0.9179999828338623,0.9070000052452087,0.8989999890327454,0.8619999885559082,0.8489999771118164,0.8420000076293945,0.8299999833106995,0.8230000138282776,0.8190000057220459,0.8040000200271606,0.7979999780654907,0.7900000214576721,0.777999997138977,0.7710000276565552,0.7670000195503235,0.7599999904632568,0.7519999742507935,0.7450000047683716,0.7409999966621399,0.7279999852180481,0.7250000238418579,0.7170000076293945,0.7099999785423279,0.703000009059906,0.699999988079071,0.6970000267028809,0.6940000057220459,0.6930000185966492,0.6909999847412109,0.6880000233650208,0.6809999942779541,0.6769999861717224,0.6759999990463257,0.6740000247955322,0.6729999780654907,0.6710000038146973,0.6669999957084656,0.6629999876022339,0.6570000052452087,0.656000018119812,0.652999997138977,0.6510000228881836,0.6489999890327454,0.6460000276565552,0.6439999938011169,0.640999972820282,0.6389999985694885,0.6380000114440918,0.6370000243186951,0.6359999775886536,0.6349999904632568,0.6340000033378601,0.6320000290870667,0.6320000290870667,0.6290000081062317,0.6269999742507935,0.625,0.6240000128746033,0.6230000257492065,0.6230000257492065,0.621999979019165,0.6209999918937683,0.6209999918937683,0.6200000047683716,0.6200000047683716,0.6190000176429749,0.6179999709129333,0.6169999837875366,0.6159999966621399,0.6150000095367432,0.6150000095367432,0.6140000224113464,0.6129999756813049,0.6129999756813049,0.6110000014305115,0.6100000143051147,0.6100000143051147,0.609000027179718,0.609000027179718,0.6079999804496765,0.6069999933242798,0.6060000061988831,0.6050000190734863,0.6039999723434448,0.6029999852180481,0.6019999980926514,0.6019999980926514,0.6010000109672546,0.6000000238418579,0.6000000238418579,0.6000000238418579,0.5989999771118164,0.5989999771118164,0.5979999899864197,0.5979999899864197,0.597000002861023,0.597000002861023,0.597000002861023,0.5960000157356262,0.5950000286102295,0.5950000286102295,0.593999981880188,0.593999981880188,0.593999981880188,0.5929999947547913,0.5929999947547913,0.5920000076293945,0.5899999737739563,0.5889999866485596,0.5889999866485596,0.5879999995231628,0.5879999995231628,0.5870000123977661,0.5870000123977661,0.5860000252723694,0.5849999785423279,0.5849999785423279,0.5849999785423279,0.5839999914169312,0.5839999914169312,0.5830000042915344,0.5820000171661377,0.5820000171661377,0.5820000171661377,0.5809999704360962,0.5809999704360962,0.5809999704360962,0.5809999704360962,0.5799999833106995,0.5799999833106995,0.5799999833106995,0.5789999961853027,0.578000009059906,0.5770000219345093,0.5770000219345093,0.5759999752044678,0.574999988079071,0.5740000009536743,0.5740000009536743,0.5730000138282776,0.5730000138282776,0.5730000138282776,0.5720000267028809,0.5720000267028809,0.5720000267028809,0.5720000267028809,0.5709999799728394,0.5709999799728394,0.5709999799728394,0.5699999928474426,0.5699999928474426,0.5699999928474426,0.5690000057220459,0.5690000057220459,0.5690000057220459,0.5690000057220459,0.5690000057220459,0.5680000185966492,0.5680000185966492,0.5680000185966492,0.5680000185966492,0.5680000185966492,0.5669999718666077,0.5669999718666077,0.5669999718666077,0.5669999718666077,0.5659999847412109,0.5659999847412109,0.5659999847412109,0.5659999847412109,0.5659999847412109,0.5659999847412109,0.5649999976158142,0.5649999976158142,0.5649999976158142,0.5649999976158142,0.5649999976158142,0.5649999976158142,0.5640000104904175,0.5640000104904175,0.5640000104904175,0.5630000233650208,0.5630000233650208]},{\"connectgaps\":false,\"line\":{\"color\":\"#ed982a\",\"dash\":\"solid\",\"width\":2},\"mode\":\"lines\",\"name\":\"Validation error\",\"opacity\":1,\"showlegend\":true,\"type\":\"scatter\",\"x\":[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189],\"y\":[0.9959999918937683,0.9909999966621399,0.9750000238418579,0.9649999737739563,0.9679999947547913,0.9850000143051147,0.9959999918937683,0.9869999885559082,0.968999981880188,0.8040000200271606,0.847000002861023,0.8529999852180481,0.824999988079071,0.8059999942779541,0.8080000281333923,0.7950000166893005,0.7820000052452087,0.7910000085830688,0.7839999794960022,0.7799999713897705,0.7850000262260437,0.7839999794960022,0.7820000052452087,0.7879999876022339,0.7879999876022339,0.7860000133514404,0.7850000262260437,0.7799999713897705,0.7789999842643738,0.7720000147819519,0.765999972820282,0.7480000257492065,0.753000020980835,0.7490000128746033,0.7400000095367432,0.734000027179718,0.7009999752044678,0.6980000138282776,0.6949999928474426,0.7009999752044678,0.6930000185966492,0.6959999799728394,0.6980000138282776,0.6980000138282776,0.7059999704360962,0.703000009059906,0.6970000267028809,0.7059999704360962,0.7049999833106995,0.7089999914169312,0.7020000219345093,0.7039999961853027,0.7020000219345093,0.7009999752044678,0.6980000138282776,0.6990000009536743,0.6980000138282776,0.6990000009536743,0.6990000009536743,0.7009999752044678,0.7110000252723694,0.7089999914169312,0.7110000252723694,0.7229999899864197,0.7310000061988831,0.7310000061988831,0.7269999980926514,0.7160000205039978,0.7110000252723694,0.7080000042915344,0.7089999914169312,0.7089999914169312,0.7110000252723694,0.7099999785423279,0.7089999914169312,0.7059999704360962,0.7080000042915344,0.7089999914169312,0.7099999785423279,0.7120000123977661,0.7129999995231628,0.7110000252723694,0.7080000042915344,0.7039999961853027,0.6970000267028809,0.6949999928474426,0.6930000185966492,0.6959999799728394,0.6940000057220459,0.6909999847412109,0.6909999847412109,0.6930000185966492,0.6940000057220459,0.699999988079071,0.6990000009536743,0.6980000138282776,0.6959999799728394,0.6930000185966492,0.6930000185966492,0.6930000185966492,0.6949999928474426,0.6990000009536743,0.7020000219345093,0.7049999833106995,0.7099999785423279,0.7139999866485596,0.7179999947547913,0.7210000157356262,0.7260000109672546,0.7289999723434448,0.7260000109672546,0.7310000061988831,0.7319999933242798,0.7279999852180481,0.7279999852180481,0.7269999980926514,0.7239999771118164,0.7239999771118164,0.7279999852180481,0.7319999933242798,0.7329999804496765,0.7319999933242798,0.7310000061988831,0.7329999804496765,0.7329999804496765,0.7360000014305115,0.7390000224113464,0.7429999709129333,0.7440000176429749,0.7450000047683716,0.7450000047683716,0.7450000047683716,0.7480000257492065,0.7509999871253967,0.7519999742507935,0.7519999742507935,0.7509999871253967,0.7490000128746033,0.7480000257492065,0.75,0.753000020980835,0.7599999904632568,0.7570000290870667,0.7609999775886536,0.7630000114440918,0.765999972820282,0.7639999985694885,0.7630000114440918,0.7570000290870667,0.7519999742507935,0.753000020980835,0.753000020980835,0.7540000081062317,0.753000020980835,0.7509999871253967,0.7509999871253967,0.7490000128746033,0.7480000257492065,0.746999979019165,0.7480000257492065,0.75,0.753000020980835,0.7559999823570251,0.7559999823570251,0.7559999823570251,0.7549999952316284,0.7549999952316284,0.7549999952316284,0.7570000290870667,0.7590000033378601,0.7630000114440918,0.7680000066757202,0.7739999890327454,0.7789999842643738,0.781000018119812,0.7839999794960022,0.7870000004768372,0.7910000085830688,0.7950000166893005,0.796999990940094,0.7960000038146973,0.7910000085830688,0.7910000085830688,0.7919999957084656,0.7919999957084656,0.7950000166893005,0.796999990940094,0.8009999990463257,0.8159999847412109,0.8220000267028809]}],\"layout\":{\"autosize\":true,\"font\":{\"color\":\"#30343b\",\"family\":\"Arial, sans-serif\",\"size\":14},\"hovermode\":\"closest\",\"legend\":{\"orientation\":\"h\",\"x\":0.5,\"xanchor\":\"center\",\"y\":-0.24,\"yanchor\":\"top\"},\"margin\":{\"l\":95,\"r\":45,\"t\":65,\"b\":95},\"paper_bgcolor\":\"#fff\",\"plot_bgcolor\":\"#fff\",\"title\":{\"automargin\":true,\"pad\":{\"t\":48},\"text\":\"Training history\",\"x\":0.5,\"xanchor\":\"center\",\"y\":1,\"yanchor\":\"top\",\"yref\":\"container\",\"font\":{\"size\":17}},\"xaxis\":{\"automargin\":true,\"gridcolor\":\"#d9dde3\",\"linecolor\":\"#9aa3ad\",\"range\":[0,189],\"title\":{\"text\":\"Epoch\"},\"zerolinecolor\":\"#aeb6c2\"},\"yaxis\":{\"automargin\":true,\"gridcolor\":\"#d9dde3\",\"linecolor\":\"#9aa3ad\",\"range\":[0,1.0002],\"title\":{\"text\":\"Weighted squared error\"},\"zerolinecolor\":\"#aeb6c2\"},\"height\":500}}<\/script><\/div><figcaption>Quasi-Newton method error history. Native Neural Designer report for this project.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section id=\"5-selection\" class=\"nds-card\"><h2>5. Model selection and baseline<\/h2><p>No model selection experiment is recorded for this version. The validation subset guides fitting where a training report is present; it is distinct from the held-out test rows.<\/p><p>On this test subset a majority-class baseline would correctly classify 51.74% of the records. This baseline does not detect both classes and is not an optimized model.<\/p><\/section>\n<section id=\"6-clinical-validation\" class=\"nds-card\"><h2>6. Clinical validation<\/h2><p>The figures and tables below refer to the current project\u2019s saved testing analysis. The subset uses testing role 2; it contains 230 source records.<\/p><p>ROC AUC describes ranking on this testing subset. Any optimal threshold shown in the saved ROC report was selected descriptively on that same subset; it is not an independently validated operating policy.<\/p><p>These operating-point metrics are calculated from the saved confusion counts at threshold <strong>0.5<\/strong>. The positive-label coding is stated in the model section.<\/p><h3>Confusion table<\/h3><div class=\"nd-table-scroll\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Measure<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Predicted positive<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Predicted negative<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Total<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Actual positive<\/th><td>84 (36.5%)<\/td><td>35 (15.2%)<\/td><td>119 (51.7%)<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Actual negative<\/th><td>14 (6.1%)<\/td><td>97 (42.2%)<\/td><td>111 (48.3%)<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Total<\/th><td>98 (42.6%)<\/td><td>132 (57.4%)<\/td><td>230 (100.0%)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nd-table-scroll\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Test measure<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Testing records<\/th><td>230<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Positive cases<\/th><td>119<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Positive prevalence<\/th><td>51.74%<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Accuracy<\/th><td>78.70%<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Sensitivity \/ recall<\/th><td>70.59%<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Specificity<\/th><td>87.39%<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Precision \/ PPV<\/th><td>85.71%<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">F1 score<\/th><td>0.774<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3>Area under curve<\/h3><div class=\"nd-table-scroll\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Measure<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Area under curve<\/th><td>0.854<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nd-comparison-grid\"><div class=\"nd-comparison-item\"><figure class=\"nd-media-block\"><div class=\"nd-chart-bundle\" data-native-chart=\"nd-licensed-diabeticretinopathy-t6-s1-20261006\"><div class=\"nd-chart-host\" id=\"nd-licensed-diabeticretinopathy-t6-s1-20261006\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"ROC chart\"><\/div><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"nd-chart-fallback\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/nd-licensed-diabeticretinopathy-t6-s1-20261006.png\" alt=\"ROC chart\"><script type=\"application\/json\">{\"config\":{\"displayModeBar\":true,\"displaylogo\":false,\"editable\":false,\"responsive\":true,\"scrollZoom\":true,\"toImageButtonOptions\":{\"filename\":\"neural-designer-chart\",\"format\":\"svg\"}},\"data\":[{\"connectgaps\":false,\"fill\":\"tozeroy\",\"fillcolor\":\"rgba(82,156,194,0.300)\",\"line\":{\"color\":\"#ffffff\",\"dash\":\"solid\",\"width\":1},\"marker\":{\"color\":\"#529cc2\",\"size\":5,\"symbol\":\"circle\"},\"mode\":\"lines+markers\",\"name\":\"Random classifier\",\"opacity\":1,\"showlegend\":false,\"type\":\"scatter\",\"x\":[1,0.9909909963607788,0.9819819927215576,0.9729729890823364,0.9729729890823364,0.9729729890823364,0.9639639854431152,0.954954981803894,0.9459459781646729,0.9369369745254517,0.9279279708862305,0.918919026851654,0.9099100232124329,0.9009010195732117,0.8918920159339905,0.8828830122947693,0.8828830122947693,0.8738740086555481,0.8738740086555481,0.8648650050163269,0.8558560013771057,0.8558560013771057,0.8468469977378845,0.8468469977378845,0.8378379940986633,0.8288289904594421,0.819819986820221,0.8108109831809998,0.8018019795417786,0.7927929759025574,0.7837839722633362,0.7747750282287598,0.7657660245895386,0.7567570209503174,0.7477480173110962,0.738739013671875,0.7297300100326538,0.7207210063934326,0.7117120027542114,0.7027029991149902,0.693693995475769,0.693693995475769,0.6846849918365479,0.6756759881973267,0.6756759881973267,0.6666669845581055,0.6576579809188843,0.6486489772796631,0.6396399736404419,0.6306310296058655,0.6216220259666443,0.6126130223274231,0.6036040186882019,0.5945950150489807,0.5855860114097595,0.5765770077705383,0.5675680041313171,0.558559000492096,0.5495499968528748,0.5405409932136536,0.5315319895744324,0.5315319895744324,0.5225229859352112,0.5225229859352112,0.51351398229599,0.51351398229599,0.5045049786567688,0.4954949915409088,0.4864859879016876,0.4774770140647888,0.4684680104255676,0.45945900678634644,0.45945900678634644,0.45045000314712524,0.44144099950790405,0.43243199586868286,0.42342299222946167,0.42342299222946167,0.4144139885902405,0.4054050147533417,0.4054050147533417,0.3963960111141205,0.3873870074748993,0.3783780038356781,0.3693690001964569,0.3603599965572357,0.3513509929180145,0.3513509929180145,0.34234198927879333,0.34234198927879333,0.34234198927879333,0.34234198927879333,0.33333298563957214,0.33333298563957214,0.32432401180267334,0.32432401180267334,0.31531500816345215,0.31531500816345215,0.31531500816345215,0.30630600452423096,0.29729700088500977,0.29729700088500977,0.2882879972457886,0.2792789936065674,0.2792789936065674,0.2792789936065674,0.2792789936065674,0.2702699899673462,0.2702699899673462,0.2702699899673462,0.261260986328125,0.2522520124912262,0.2432429939508438,0.2342340052127838,0.22522500157356262,0.21621599793434143,0.21621599793434143,0.20720699429512024,0.20720699429512024,0.20720699429512024,0.19819800555706024,0.18918900191783905,0.18918900191783905,0.18017999827861786,0.17117099463939667,0.16216200590133667,0.15315300226211548,0.1441439986228943,0.1351349949836731,0.1261260062456131,0.1261260062456131,0.1261260062456131,0.1261260062456131,0.1261260062456131,0.1261260062456131,0.1261260062456131,0.1171170026063919,0.10810799896717072,0.10810799896717072,0.10810799896717072,0.09909909963607788,0.09909909963607788,0.09909909963607788,0.09909909963607788,0.09909909963607788,0.09909909963607788,0.09009010344743729,0.0810810998082161,0.0810810998082161,0.0810810998082161,0.0810810998082161,0.0720721036195755,0.06306309998035431,0.054054100066423416,0.054054100066423416,0.054054100066423416,0.054054100066423416,0.054054100066423416,0.054054100066423416,0.045044999569654465,0.03603599965572357,0.02702699974179268,0.02702699974179268,0.02702699974179268,0.02702699974179268,0.02702699974179268,0.02702699974179268,0.02702699974179268,0.02702699974179268,0.02702699974179268,0.02702699974179268,0.02702699974179268,0.02702699974179268,0.02702699974179268,0.02702699974179268,0.02702699974179268,0.02702699974179268,0.02702699974179268,0.02702699974179268,0.02702699974179268,0.02702699974179268,0.02702699974179268,0.02702699974179268,0.018017999827861786,0.018017999827861786,0.018017999827861786,0.009009010158479214,0.009009010158479214,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\"y\":[1,1,1,1,0.9915969967842102,0.9831929802894592,0.9831929802894592,0.9831929802894592,0.9831929802894592,0.9831929802894592,0.9831929802894592,0.9831929802894592,0.9831929802894592,0.9831929802894592,0.9831929802894592,0.9831929802894592,0.9747899770736694,0.9747899770736694,0.9663869738578796,0.9663869738578796,0.9663869738578796,0.9579830169677734,0.9579830169677734,0.9495800137519836,0.9495800137519836,0.9495800137519836,0.9495800137519836,0.9495800137519836,0.9495800137519836,0.9495800137519836,0.9495800137519836,0.9495800137519836,0.9495800137519836,0.9495800137519836,0.9495800137519836,0.9495800137519836,0.9495800137519836,0.9495800137519836,0.9495800137519836,0.9495800137519836,0.9495800137519836,0.9411759972572327,0.9411759972572327,0.9411759972572327,0.9327729940414429,0.9327729940414429,0.9327729940414429,0.9327729940414429,0.9327729940414429,0.9327729940414429,0.9327729940414429,0.9327729940414429,0.9327729940414429,0.9327729940414429,0.9327729940414429,0.9327729940414429,0.9327729940414429,0.9327729940414429,0.9327729940414429,0.9327729940414429,0.9327729940414429,0.9243699908256531,0.9243699908256531,0.9159659743309021,0.9159659743309021,0.9075629711151123,0.9075629711151123,0.9075629711151123,0.9075629711151123,0.9075629711151123,0.9075629711151123,0.9075629711151123,0.8991600275039673,0.8991600275039673,0.8991600275039673,0.8991600275039673,0.8991600275039673,0.8907560110092163,0.8907560110092163,0.8907560110092163,0.8823530077934265,0.8823530077934265,0.8823530077934265,0.8823530077934265,0.8823530077934265,0.8823530077934265,0.8823530077934265,0.8739500045776367,0.8739500045776367,0.8655459880828857,0.857142984867096,0.8487399816513062,0.8487399816513062,0.8403360247612,0.8403360247612,0.8319330215454102,0.8319330215454102,0.8235290050506592,0.8151260018348694,0.8151260018348694,0.8151260018348694,0.8067229986190796,0.8067229986190796,0.8067229986190796,0.7983189821243286,0.7899159789085388,0.781512975692749,0.781512975692749,0.7731090188026428,0.764706015586853,0.764706015586853,0.764706015586853,0.764706015586853,0.764706015586853,0.764706015586853,0.764706015586853,0.7563030123710632,0.7563030123710632,0.7478989958763123,0.7394959926605225,0.7394959926605225,0.7394959926605225,0.7310919761657715,0.7310919761657715,0.7310919761657715,0.7310919761657715,0.7310919761657715,0.7310919761657715,0.7310919761657715,0.7310919761657715,0.7226889729499817,0.7142860293388367,0.7058820128440857,0.6974790096282959,0.6890760064125061,0.6806719899177551,0.6806719899177551,0.6806719899177551,0.6722689867019653,0.6638659834861755,0.6638659834861755,0.6554620265960693,0.6470590233802795,0.6386550068855286,0.6302520036697388,0.621849000453949,0.621849000453949,0.621849000453949,0.613444983959198,0.6050419807434082,0.5966389775276184,0.5966389775276184,0.5966389775276184,0.5966389775276184,0.5882350206375122,0.5798320174217224,0.5714290142059326,0.5630249977111816,0.5546219944953918,0.5546219944953918,0.5546219944953918,0.5546219944953918,0.546218991279602,0.5378149747848511,0.5294119715690613,0.5210080146789551,0.5126050114631653,0.5042020082473755,0.4957979917526245,0.4873949885368347,0.4789919853210449,0.47058799862861633,0.46218499541282654,0.45378199219703674,0.44537800550460815,0.43697500228881836,0.4285709857940674,0.4201680123806,0.4117650091648102,0.4033609926700592,0.3949579894542694,0.3865549862384796,0.378150999546051,0.378150999546051,0.36974799633026123,0.36134499311447144,0.36134499311447144,0.35294100642204285,0.35294100642204285,0.34453800320625305,0.3361339867115021,0.32773101329803467,0.3193280100822449,0.3109239935874939,0.3025209903717041,0.2941179871559143,0.2857140004634857,0.2773109972476959,0.26890799403190613,0.26050400733947754,0.25210100412368774,0.24369700253009796,0.23529399931430817,0.22689099609851837,0.2184869945049286,0.2100840061903,0.2016810029745102,0.1932770013809204,0.18487399816513062,0.17647099494934082,0.16806699335575104,0.15966400504112244,0.15126100182533264,0.11764699965715408,0.10924399644136429,0.1008400022983551,0.09243699908256531,0.08403360098600388,0.0756302997469902,0.06722690165042877,0.05882349982857704,0.05042019858956337,0.04201680049300194,0.03361339867115021,0.025210099294781685,0.016806699335575104,0]},{\"connectgaps\":false,\"line\":{\"color\":\"#808080\",\"dash\":\"solid\",\"width\":1},\"mode\":\"lines\",\"name\":\"True Positive Rate (sensitivity)\",\"opacity\":1,\"showlegend\":false,\"type\":\"scatter\",\"x\":[0,1],\"y\":[0,1]},{\"connectgaps\":false,\"marker\":{\"color\":\"#ed982a\",\"size\":8,\"symbol\":\"circle\"},\"mode\":\"markers\",\"name\":\"True Positive Rate (sensitivity)\",\"opacity\":1,\"showlegend\":false,\"type\":\"scatter\",\"x\":[0.1261260062456131],\"y\":[0.7310919761657715]}],\"layout\":{\"annotations\":[{\"font\":{\"color\":\"#404044\"},\"showarrow\":false,\"text\":\"Optimal Threshold\",\"x\":0.29612600624561314,\"y\":0.6410919761657715},{\"font\":{\"color\":\"#404044\"},\"showarrow\":false,\"text\":\"Area under curve: 0.854\",\"x\":0.7,\"y\":0.02}],\"autosize\":true,\"font\":{\"color\":\"#30343b\",\"family\":\"Arial, sans-serif\",\"size\":14},\"hovermode\":\"closest\",\"margin\":{\"l\":95,\"r\":45,\"t\":65,\"b\":95},\"paper_bgcolor\":\"#fff\",\"plot_bgcolor\":\"#fff\",\"title\":{\"automargin\":true,\"pad\":{\"t\":48},\"text\":\"ROC chart\",\"x\":0.5,\"xanchor\":\"center\",\"y\":1,\"yanchor\":\"top\",\"yref\":\"container\",\"font\":{\"size\":17}},\"xaxis\":{\"automargin\":true,\"gridcolor\":\"#d9dde3\",\"linecolor\":\"#9aa3ad\",\"range\":[0,1],\"title\":{\"text\":\"False positive rate\"},\"zerolinecolor\":\"#aeb6c2\"},\"yaxis\":{\"automargin\":true,\"gridcolor\":\"#d9dde3\",\"linecolor\":\"#9aa3ad\",\"range\":[0,1],\"title\":{\"text\":\"True positive rate\"},\"zerolinecolor\":\"#aeb6c2\"},\"height\":500}}<\/script><\/div><figcaption>ROC chart. Native Neural Designer report for this project.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nds-note\">Educational biomedical benchmark. It does not provide screening advice, diagnosis or treatment recommendations.<\/div><\/section>\n<section id=\"7-workflow\" class=\"nds-card\"><h2>7. Workflow and reproducibility<\/h2><p>Open the downloaded project in Neural Designer, inspect the dataset roles and preprocessing, then review the saved task report. Use the same input schema and category order when calculating outputs. The ZIP contains the exact current .nd, its source data and the applicable dataset notices.<\/p><p>Research workflow: eligible record or image \u2192 measurement and schema checks \u2192 model score \u2192 expert review \u2192 confirmatory clinical method where appropriate. No model output should be used as an autonomous diagnosis or treatment instruction.<\/p><div class=\"nds-downloads\"><a class=\"aui aui-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/nd-diabeticretinopathy-licensed-20261006.zip\">Download model, data and licenses (ZIP)<\/a><a class=\"aui aui-button aui-button--secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/downloads\/\">Download Neural Designer<\/a><\/div><\/section>\n<section id=\"8-safety\" class=\"nds-card\"><h2>8. Safety, generalizability and governance<\/h2><p>The supplied CSV does not provide a patient identifier for auditing patient-separated splits. Results therefore describe the saved internal record split, not independent patient-level generalization. No external validation or calibration has been established; ophthalmology specialist review is required.<\/p><div class=\"nds-note nds-note--warning\">Educational biomedical benchmark. It does not provide screening advice, diagnosis or treatment recommendations.<\/div><\/section>\n<section id=\"references\" class=\"nds-card\"><h2>References<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.ics.uci.edu\/dataset\/329\/diabetic+retinopathy+debrecen\">Diabetic Retinopathy Debrecen<\/a>. Balint Antal; Andras Hajdu. 10.24432\/C5XP4P<\/li><li>Dataset terms: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. Full attribution and transformations are included in <code>LICENSES\/DATASET-LICENSE.txt<\/code>.<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/nd-diabeticretinopathy-licensed-20261006.zip\">Current Neural Designer project and saved task report<\/a>, snapshot 6 October 2026.<\/li><\/ul><\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n.nd-chart-bundle{width:100%;max-width:760px;min-width:0;margin:24px auto;box-sizing:border-box;position:relative;overflow-x:auto;text-align:center;background:#fff;color:#30343b}\n.nd-chart-bundle .nd-chart-host{width:100%;height:440px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box}\n.nd-chart-bundle:not(.is-ready) .nd-chart-host{position:absolute;visibility:hidden}\n.nd-chart-bundle.is-ready .nd-chart-fallback{display:none!important}\n.nd-chart-bundle .nd-chart-fallback{display:block;margin:0 auto!important;width:100%;height:auto;max-width:100%}\n.nd-chart-bundle>script,.nd-chart-bundle>br,.nd-chart-bundle>p:empty{display:none!important}\n@media(max-width:600px){.nd-chart-bundle{margin:20px auto}.nd-chart-bundle .nd-chart-host{height:440px}}\n.nd-chart-bundle .nd-chart-host{min-width:0!important}.nd-chart-bundle{max-width:100%}html body .nd-comparison-grid>.nd-comparison-item:only-child{flex-basis:min(760px,100%)!important;width:min(760px,100%)!important}.ndb-card details,.nds-card details{margin:20px 0}.ndb-card summary,.nds-card summary{cursor:pointer;font-weight:600}<\/style><script data-noptimize=\"1\" data-cfasync=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.plot.ly\/plotly-basic-4.0.0.min.js\"><\/script><script data-noptimize=\"1\">(()=>{const start=()=>{if(!window.Plotly)return;document.querySelectorAll('.nd-chart-bundle').forEach(bundle=>{if(bundle.dataset.started)return;bundle.dataset.started='1';const host=bundle.querySelector('.nd-chart-host'),source=bundle.querySelector('script[type=\"application\/json\"]');if(!host||!source)return;const figure=JSON.parse(source.textContent);window.Plotly.newPlot(host,figure.data,figure.layout,figure.config).then(async()=>{const title=host.querySelector('.gtitle');if(title)host.style.minWidth=Math.ceil(title.getComputedTextLength()+48)+'px';await window.Plotly.Plots.resize(host);bundle.classList.add('is-ready');if(window.ResizeObserver){let timer;new ResizeObserver(()=>{clearTimeout(timer);timer=setTimeout(()=>window.Plotly.Plots.resize(host),80);}).observe(bundle);}}).catch(error=>{bundle.dataset.error=String(error);console.error(error);});});};const ready=()=>{if(window.Plotly){start();return;}let count=0;const timer=setInterval(()=>{if(window.Plotly){clearInterval(timer);start();}else if(++count>200)clearInterval(timer);},50);};if(document.readyState==='loading')document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',ready,{once:true});else ready();})();<\/script>","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":2281,"template":"","categories":[29],"tags":[38],"class_list":["post-3481","learning","type-learning","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-examples","tag-healthcare"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Diabetic retinopathy image-feature classification<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Use 19 extracted Messidor image descriptors to classify the presence of recorded diabetic-retinopathy signs. The Debrecen benchmark contains 1,151 rows and the saved project tests 230 of them.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/diabetic-retinopathy-risk-prediction\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Diabetic retinopathy machine learning example\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Diabetic retinopathy, also known as diabetic eye disease, is a medical condition in which damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/diabetic-retinopathy-risk-prediction\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Neural Designer\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-10-06T11:26:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/diabetic-retino.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"628\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Diabetic retinopathy machine learning example\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"Diabetic retinopathy, also known as diabetic eye disease, is a medical condition in which damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/diabetic-retino.webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@NeuralDesigner\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/diabetic-retinopathy-risk-prediction\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/diabetic-retinopathy-risk-prediction\/\",\"name\":\"Diabetic retinopathy image-feature classification\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/diabetic-retinopathy-risk-prediction\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/diabetic-retinopathy-risk-prediction\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/diabetic-retino.webp\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-09-03T09:12:59+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-10-06T11:26:51+00:00\",\"description\":\"Use 19 extracted Messidor image descriptors to classify the presence of recorded diabetic-retinopathy signs. The Debrecen benchmark contains 1,151 rows and the saved project tests 230 of them.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/diabetic-retinopathy-risk-prediction\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/diabetic-retinopathy-risk-prediction\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/diabetic-retinopathy-risk-prediction\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/diabetic-retino.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/diabetic-retino.webp\",\"width\":1200,\"height\":628,\"caption\":\"Diabetic retinopathy\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/diabetic-retinopathy-risk-prediction\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Learning\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Diabetic retinopathy image-feature classification\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/\",\"name\":\"Neural Designer\",\"description\":\"No-code AI Platform\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Neural Designer\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/logo-neural-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/logo-neural-1.png\",\"width\":1024,\"height\":223,\"caption\":\"Neural Designer\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/x.com\/NeuralDesigner\",\"https:\/\/es.linkedin.com\/showcase\/neuraldesigner\/\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Diabetic retinopathy image-feature classification","description":"Use 19 extracted Messidor image descriptors to classify the presence of recorded diabetic-retinopathy signs. The Debrecen benchmark contains 1,151 rows and the saved project tests 230 of them.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/diabetic-retinopathy-risk-prediction\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Diabetic retinopathy machine learning example","og_description":"Diabetic retinopathy, also known as diabetic eye disease, is a medical condition in which damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/diabetic-retinopathy-risk-prediction\/","og_site_name":"Neural Designer","article_modified_time":"2026-10-06T11:26:51+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1200,"height":628,"url":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/diabetic-retino.webp","type":"image\/webp"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_title":"Diabetic retinopathy machine learning example","twitter_description":"Diabetic retinopathy, also known as diabetic eye disease, is a medical condition in which damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes.","twitter_image":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/diabetic-retino.webp","twitter_site":"@NeuralDesigner","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"6 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/diabetic-retinopathy-risk-prediction\/","url":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/diabetic-retinopathy-risk-prediction\/","name":"Diabetic retinopathy image-feature classification","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/diabetic-retinopathy-risk-prediction\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/diabetic-retinopathy-risk-prediction\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/diabetic-retino.webp","datePublished":"2025-09-03T09:12:59+00:00","dateModified":"2026-10-06T11:26:51+00:00","description":"Use 19 extracted Messidor image descriptors to classify the presence of recorded diabetic-retinopathy signs. The Debrecen benchmark contains 1,151 rows and the saved project tests 230 of them.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/diabetic-retinopathy-risk-prediction\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/diabetic-retinopathy-risk-prediction\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/diabetic-retinopathy-risk-prediction\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/diabetic-retino.webp","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/diabetic-retino.webp","width":1200,"height":628,"caption":"Diabetic retinopathy"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/diabetic-retinopathy-risk-prediction\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Learning","item":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Diabetic retinopathy image-feature classification"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/","name":"Neural Designer","description":"No-code AI Platform","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/#organization","name":"Neural Designer","url":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/logo-neural-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/logo-neural-1.png","width":1024,"height":223,"caption":"Neural Designer"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/x.com\/NeuralDesigner","https:\/\/es.linkedin.com\/showcase\/neuraldesigner\/"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/api\/wp\/v2\/learning\/3481","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/api\/wp\/v2\/learning"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/api\/wp\/v2\/types\/learning"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/api\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/api\/wp\/v2\/learning\/3481\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24299,"href":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/api\/wp\/v2\/learning\/3481\/revisions\/24299"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/api\/wp\/v2\/media\/2281"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/api\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3481"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/api\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3481"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/api\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3481"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}