{"id":3507,"date":"2025-09-01T11:12:58","date_gmt":"2025-09-01T09:12:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/lung-cancer\/"},"modified":"2026-02-11T14:16:59","modified_gmt":"2026-02-11T13:16:59","slug":"lung-cancer","status":"publish","type":"learning","link":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/lung-cancer\/","title":{"rendered":"Patient screening for lung cancer using machine learning"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3507\" class=\"elementor elementor-3507\" data-elementor-post-type=\"learning\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2a5e95fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2a5e95fe\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-37d7311b\" data-id=\"37d7311b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c34dc58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c34dc58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8a2fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c8a2fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"171\" data-end=\"335\">Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and early detection is critical since symptoms often appear only at advanced stages.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"171\" data-end=\"335\">Using data from 309 patients (16 variables covering lifestyle, symptoms, and medical history), we trained a neural network to estimate lung cancer risk.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"171\" data-end=\"335\">The model achieved high performance (AUC = 0.975, accuracy = 96.7%), showing potential as a clinical decision-support tool for prevention and early detection.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"740\" data-end=\"834\">Healthcare professionals can test this methodology by downloading Neural Designer.<\/p><section id=\"References\"><\/section>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a9bed4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0a9bed4\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e254dd elementor-widget__width-initial boton_descarga elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"6e254dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/downloads\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-download\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M216 0h80c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24v168h87.7c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L269.7 378.3c-7.5 7.5-19.8 7.5-27.3 0L90.1 226.1c-12.6-12.6-3.7-34.1 14.1-34.1H192V24c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24zm296 376v112c0 13.3-10.7 24-24 24H24c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V376c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24h146.7l49 49c20.1 20.1 52.5 20.1 72.6 0l49-49H488c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24zm-124 88c0-11-9-20-20-20s-20 9-20 20 9 20 20 20 20-9 20-20zm64 0c0-11-9-20-20-20s-20 9-20 20 9 20 20 20 20-9 20-20z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc0eac3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cc0eac3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contents<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4dec71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4dec71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The following index outlines the steps for performing the analysis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aba6c48 e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"aba6c48\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9dc74c elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"c9dc74c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#model_type\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">1.Model type<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82b8399 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"82b8399\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#dataset\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">2.Dataset<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e898201 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"e898201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#neural_network\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">3.Neural network<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b9b1a4 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2b9b1a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#training_strategy\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">4.Training strategy<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-764d92a elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"764d92a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#testing_analysis\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">5.Testing analysis<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a19e6cd elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"a19e6cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#model_deployment\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">6.Model deployment<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf0c18e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cf0c18e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"model_type\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1. Model type<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09c9ada elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"09c9ada\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong data-start=\"49\" data-end=\"66\">Problem type:<\/strong> Binary <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/neural-networks-applications#Classification\">classification<\/a> (presence or absence of lung cancer)<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong data-start=\"128\" data-end=\"137\">Goal:<\/strong> Model the probability of lung cancer based on patient lifestyle factors, symptoms, and medical conditions to support clinical decision-making using artificial intelligence and machine learning.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6310d4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6310d4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"dataset\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. Data set<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cd94cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5cd94cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Data source<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The dataset lung-cancer.csv includes 309 rows (patients) and 16 columns (variables) for study participants and cancer risk factors.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff2d2e6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ff2d2e6\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78e12ec elementor-widget__width-initial boton_descarga elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"78e12ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/lung-cancer-1.csv\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-file-download\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224 136V0H24C10.7 0 0 10.7 0 24v464c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h336c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24V160H248c-13.2 0-24-10.8-24-24zm76.45 211.36l-96.42 95.7c-6.65 6.61-17.39 6.61-24.04 0l-96.42-95.7C73.42 337.29 80.54 320 94.82 320H160v-80c0-8.84 7.16-16 16-16h32c8.84 0 16 7.16 16 16v80h65.18c14.28 0 21.4 17.29 11.27 27.36zM377 105L279.1 7c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H256v128h128v-6.1c0-6.3-2.5-12.4-7-16.9z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download Dataset<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35df784 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"35df784\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Variables<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79ed54e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"79ed54e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The following list summarizes the variables&#8217; information:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b597bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b597bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Patient characteristics<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1394667 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1394667\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul data-start=\"355\" data-end=\"513\">\n \t<li data-start=\"355\" data-end=\"448\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"357\" data-end=\"448\"><strong data-start=\"357\" data-end=\"390\">gender (1 = male, 2 = female)<\/strong> \u2013 Lung cancer may affect males and females differently.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"449\" data-end=\"513\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"451\" data-end=\"513\"><strong data-start=\"451\" data-end=\"466\">age (years)<\/strong> \u2013 Lung cancer mainly occurs in older people.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36360ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"36360ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lifestyle factors<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0936f9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0936f9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul data-start=\"537\" data-end=\"849\">\n \t<li data-start=\"537\" data-end=\"637\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"539\" data-end=\"637\"><strong data-start=\"539\" data-end=\"568\">smoking (0 = no, 1 = yes)<\/strong> \u2013 Cigarette smoking is the number one risk factor for lung cancer.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"638\" data-end=\"733\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"640\" data-end=\"733\"><strong data-start=\"640\" data-end=\"679\">alcohol_consuming (0 = no, 1 = yes)<\/strong> \u2013 Regular alcohol consumption may harm lung tissue.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"734\" data-end=\"849\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"736\" data-end=\"849\"><strong data-start=\"736\" data-end=\"771\">peer_pressure (0 = no, 1 = yes)<\/strong> \u2013 Stress or social influence may be associated with lifestyle risk factors.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-356cd16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"356cd16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symptoms and conditions<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55a0217 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55a0217\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul data-start=\"879\" data-end=\"1880\">\n \t<li data-start=\"879\" data-end=\"985\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"881\" data-end=\"985\"><strong data-start=\"881\" data-end=\"917\">yellow_fingers (0 = no, 1 = yes)<\/strong> \u2013 Often linked to smoking; may also indicate other health issues.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"986\" data-end=\"1107\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"988\" data-end=\"1107\"><strong data-start=\"988\" data-end=\"1017\">anxiety (0 = no, 1 = yes)<\/strong> \u2013 Anxiety disorders can share symptoms with lung cancer (e.g., breathing difficulties).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"1108\" data-end=\"1210\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"1110\" data-end=\"1210\"><strong data-start=\"1110\" data-end=\"1147\">chronic_disease (0 = no, 1 = yes)<\/strong> \u2013 Includes COPD, asthma, or other long-term lung conditions.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"1211\" data-end=\"1304\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"1213\" data-end=\"1304\"><strong data-start=\"1213\" data-end=\"1242\">fatigue (0 = no, 1 = yes)<\/strong> \u2013 Early symptom often associated with respiratory problems.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"1305\" data-end=\"1400\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"1307\" data-end=\"1400\"><strong data-start=\"1307\" data-end=\"1336\">allergy (0 = no, 1 = yes)<\/strong> \u2013 Some allergies share respiratory symptoms with lung cancer.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"1401\" data-end=\"1502\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"1403\" data-end=\"1502\"><strong data-start=\"1403\" data-end=\"1433\">wheezing (0 = no, 1 = yes)<\/strong> \u2013 Whistling sound in breathing due to blocked or narrowed airways.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"1503\" data-end=\"1592\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"1505\" data-end=\"1592\"><strong data-start=\"1505\" data-end=\"1535\">coughing (0 = no, 1 = yes)<\/strong> \u2013 A Persistent cough is a common symptom of lung cancer.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"1593\" data-end=\"1686\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"1595\" data-end=\"1686\"><strong data-start=\"1595\" data-end=\"1636\">shortness_of_breath (0 = no, 1 = yes)<\/strong> \u2013 Also called dyspnea; difficulty in breathing.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"1687\" data-end=\"1777\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"1689\" data-end=\"1777\"><strong data-start=\"1689\" data-end=\"1732\">swallowing_difficulty (0 = no, 1 = yes)<\/strong> \u2013 Dysphagia, often caused by tumor growth.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"1778\" data-end=\"1880\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"1780\" data-end=\"1880\"><strong data-start=\"1780\" data-end=\"1812\">chest_pain (0 = no, 1 = yes)<\/strong> \u2013 Pain in the chest when breathing deeply, coughing, or laughing.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a6c9e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1a6c9e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Target variable<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba5d6e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba5d6e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul data-start=\"1902\" data-end=\"1977\">\n \t<li data-start=\"1902\" data-end=\"1977\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"1904\" data-end=\"1977\"><strong data-start=\"1904\" data-end=\"1937\">lung_cancer (0 = no, 1 = yes)<\/strong> \u2013 Presence or absence of lung cancer.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d633628 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d633628\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Instances<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The dataset\u2019s\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/data-set#Instances\">instances<\/a> are split into training (60%), validation (20%), and testing (20%) subsets by default.<\/p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">You can adjust them as needed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a4df9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a4df9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Variables distribution<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0871f94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0871f94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">We can examine variable <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/data-set#Distributions\">distribution<\/a>; the figure shows the number of patients with and without lung cancer in the dataset.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e4b012 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9e4b012\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"504\" height=\"380\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/lung_cancer-pie-chart.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-16431\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/lung_cancer-pie-chart.png 504w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/lung_cancer-pie-chart-300x226.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 504px) 100vw, 504px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56c1fe2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"56c1fe2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As depicted in the image, 87.4% of the patients have lung cancer, while approximately 12.6% do not.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cce008c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cce008c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Input-target correlations<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99a5bcd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"99a5bcd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/data-set#InputsTargetsCorrelations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">input-target correlations<\/a><\/span> indicate which clinical and demographic factors most influence the presence or absence of lung cancer, and therefore are more relevant to our analysis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-077b7b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"077b7b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"613\" height=\"847\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/lung_cancer-Pearson-correlations-chart-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-18796\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/lung_cancer-Pearson-correlations-chart-1.png 613w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/lung_cancer-Pearson-correlations-chart-1-217x300.png 217w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/lung_cancer-Pearson-correlations-chart-1-600x829.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 613px) 100vw, 613px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0bd5176 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0bd5176\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Here, the most correlated variables with malignant tumors are\u00a0<b>allergy<\/b>,\u00a0<b>alcohol consuming<\/b>, and\u00a0<b>swallowing difficulty<\/b>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0caf573 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0caf573\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"neural_network\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">3. Neural network<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a8f263 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a8f263\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A neural network is an artificial intelligence model inspired by how the human brain processes information.<\/p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is organized in layers: the input layer receives the variables, and the output layer provides the probability of belonging to a given class.<\/p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Trained with historical data, the network learns to recognize patterns and distinguish between categories, offering objective support for decision-making.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-916a40e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"916a40e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"601\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Network-architecture-1-601x1024.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-16429\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Network-architecture-1-601x1024.png 601w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Network-architecture-1-176x300.png 176w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Network-architecture-1-600x1022.png 600w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Network-architecture-1.png 734w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 601px) 100vw, 601px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec01e3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ec01e3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The network uses 15 diagnostic variables to output the probability of lung cancer, with connections showing each variable\u2019s contribution.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a943074 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a943074\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"training_strategy\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">4. Training strategy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff5dbfd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff5dbfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"162\" data-end=\"433\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Training a neural network uses a loss function and an optimization algorithm to learn from data while avoiding overfitting, ensuring good performance on both training and new cases.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54985aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"54985aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"440\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Quasi-Newton-method-errors-history-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-16428\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Quasi-Newton-method-errors-history-1.png 640w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Quasi-Newton-method-errors-history-1-300x206.png 300w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Quasi-Newton-method-errors-history-1-600x413.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9b4336 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d9b4336\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">For the training and selection errors steadily decreased (MSE = 0.0503 and 0.0784), indicating the network learned effectively while avoiding overfitting, and it can generalize to new data.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a05ffa0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a05ffa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"testing_analysis\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">5. Testing analysis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac96228 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ac96228\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The trained neural network\u2019s performance is evaluated by comparing its outputs with previously unseen testing instances.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c507bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c507bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">ROC curve<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87770f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87770f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the case of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis#RocCurve\">ROC curve<\/a> is a standard tool to evaluate a classification model, showing how well it distinguishes between two classes by comparing predicted results with actual outcomes, such as patients with and without lung cancer.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A random classifier scores 0.5, while a perfect classifier scores 1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d49b22f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d49b22f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"540\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ROC-chart-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-16427\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ROC-chart-1.png 540w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ROC-chart-1-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ROC-chart-1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ROC-chart-1-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ROC-chart-1-120x120.png 120w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-850adb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"850adb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <strong>AUC<\/strong> obtained is <strong>0.927<\/strong>, showing that the model performs exceptionally well at distinguishing between benign and malignant tumors.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45724f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"45724f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Confusion matrix<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f46938a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f46938a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis#ConfusionMatrix\">confusion matrix<\/a> shows the model\u2019s performance by comparing predicted and actual diagnoses. It includes:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fae4181 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fae4181\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li data-start=\"185\" data-end=\"257\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"187\" data-end=\"257\">true positives \u2013 patients correctly identified as having lung cancer<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"258\" data-end=\"333\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"260\" data-end=\"333\">false positives \u2013 patients incorrectly identified as having lung cancer<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"334\" data-end=\"415\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"336\" data-end=\"415\">false negatives \u2013 patients with lung cancer incorrectly identified as healthy<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"416\" data-end=\"480\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"418\" data-end=\"480\">true negatives \u2013 patients correctly identified as healthy<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69005d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"69005d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">For a decision threshold of 0.5, the confusion matrix was:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-552e38d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"552e38d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92cfa24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92cfa24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table class=\"mi-tabla\" style=\"margin: auto; display: table; border-collapse: collapse;\"><tbody><tr><th>\u00a0<\/th><th>Predicted positive<\/th><th>Predicted negative<\/th><\/tr><tr><th style=\"text-align: left;\">Real positive<\/th><td style=\"text-align: right;\">53<\/td><td style=\"text-align: right;\">1<\/td><\/tr><tr><th style=\"text-align: left;\">Real negative<\/th><td style=\"text-align: right;\">0<\/td><td style=\"text-align: right;\">8<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6e3f43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d6e3f43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In this case, <strong>98.5%<\/strong> of cases were <strong>correctly classified<\/strong>\u00a0and 1<strong>.5%<\/strong> were <strong>misclassified<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb3d5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eb3d5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Binary classification<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4278269 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4278269\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Using a classification threshold of 0.975, the performance of this binary classification model is summarized with standard measures.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-454362b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"454362b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"246\" data-end=\"304\"><p data-start=\"248\" data-end=\"304\"><strong>Accuracy:<\/strong> 98.5% of patients were correctly classified.<\/p><\/li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"305\" data-end=\"354\"><p data-start=\"307\" data-end=\"354\"><strong>Error rate:<\/strong> 1.5% of cases were misclassified.<\/p><\/li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"355\" data-end=\"432\"><p data-start=\"357\" data-end=\"432\"><strong>Sensitivity:<\/strong> 100% of patients with lung cancer were correctly identified.<\/p><\/li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"433\" data-end=\"500\"><p data-start=\"435\" data-end=\"500\"><strong>Specificity:<\/strong> 98% of healthy patients were correctly identified.<\/p><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d75d58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d75d58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">These measures indicate that the model is highly effective at distinguishing between patients with and without lung cancer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61e01e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"61e01e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"model_deployment\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">6. Model deployment<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94f5a81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94f5a81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">After confirming the neural network\u2019s ability to generalize, the model can be saved for future use in deployment mode.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This allows the trained network to be applied to new patients, using their clinical variables to calculate the probability of lung cancer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b98bd23 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b98bd23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/lung_cancer_model.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"1250\" style=\"border:none;\"><\/iframe>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-371b33c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"371b33c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In deployment mode, healthcare professionals can use the model as a reliable diagnostic support tool for classifying new patients.<\/p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/my-account\/\">Neural Designer<\/a>\u00a0software exports the trained model automatically, making it easy to integrate into clinical practice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee3cbf2 e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ee3cbf2\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2850467 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2850467\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13088d8 elementor-widget__width-initial boton_descarga elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"13088d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/downloads\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-file-download\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224 136V0H24C10.7 0 0 10.7 0 24v464c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h336c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24V160H248c-13.2 0-24-10.8-24-24zm76.45 211.36l-96.42 95.7c-6.65 6.61-17.39 6.61-24.04 0l-96.42-95.7C73.42 337.29 80.54 320 94.82 320H160v-80c0-8.84 7.16-16 16-16h32c8.84 0 16 7.16 16 16v80h65.18c14.28 0 21.4 17.29 11.27 27.36zM377 105L279.1 7c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H256v128h128v-6.1c0-6.3-2.5-12.4-7-16.9z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb8fddf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cb8fddf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9979708 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9979708\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"170\" data-end=\"299\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This lung cancer risk model, trained with 309 patients, achieved an AUC = 0.975 and 96.7% accuracy.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"170\" data-end=\"299\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Its top predictors (smoking-related symptoms and lifestyle factors) align with clinical knowledge, reinforcing its reliability.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"170\" data-end=\"299\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Future work could include validating the model on larger and more diverse populations to enhance its generalizability.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68e3a1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"68e3a1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>References<\/h2>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Oliver, A. S., Jayasankar, T., Sekar, K. R., Devi, T. K., Shalini, R. et al. (2021). Early Detection of Lung Carcinoma Using Machine Learning. Intelligent Automation &amp; Soft Computing, 30(3), 755-770.<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dataset from: Kaggle: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/mysarahmadbhat\/lung-cancer\">Lung Cancer<\/a>.<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dataset from: data.world: <a href=\"https:\/\/data.world\/sta427ceyin\/survey-lung-cancer\">Survey Lung Cancer<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1724a36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1724a36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related posts<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":2726,"template":"","categories":[29],"tags":[38],"class_list":["post-3507","learning","type-learning","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-examples","tag-healthcare"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Patient screening for lung cancer using machine learning<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Build a machine learning model to make screening patients at risk for lung cancer to facilitate prevention.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/lung-cancer\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta 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