{"id":3508,"date":"2025-09-03T11:12:58","date_gmt":"2025-09-03T09:12:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/nanoparticle-adhesive-strength\/"},"modified":"2026-02-17T11:34:10","modified_gmt":"2026-02-17T10:34:10","slug":"nanoparticle-adhesive-strength","status":"publish","type":"learning","link":"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/examples\/nanoparticle-adhesive-strength\/","title":{"rendered":"Model nanoparticle adhesive strength using machine learning"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3508\" class=\"elementor elementor-3508\" data-elementor-post-type=\"learning\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2886acb e-grid e-con-full e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2886acb\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fcb222 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3fcb222\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8831371 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8831371\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"209\" data-end=\"491\">Nanoparticle-based machine learning can predict their vascular behavior, particularly adhesion to vessel walls, which is crucial for diagnosis, treatment, and medical imaging.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"209\" data-end=\"491\">Predicting nanoparticle adhesion under varying blood flow is experimentally challenging.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"209\" data-end=\"491\">This study used a neural network with particle diameter and shear rate, achieving high correlation (0.946) and low error (0.098), showing strong potential for vascular applications.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-start=\"209\" data-end=\"491\">This approach can be explored using Neural Designer<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42e72a2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"42e72a2\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-070a036 elementor-widget__width-initial boton_descarga elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"070a036\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/downloads\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-download\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M216 0h80c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24v168h87.7c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L269.7 378.3c-7.5 7.5-19.8 7.5-27.3 0L90.1 226.1c-12.6-12.6-3.7-34.1 14.1-34.1H192V24c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24zm296 376v112c0 13.3-10.7 24-24 24H24c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V376c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24h146.7l49 49c20.1 20.1 52.5 20.1 72.6 0l49-49H488c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24zm-124 88c0-11-9-20-20-20s-20 9-20 20 9 20 20 20 20-9 20-20zm64 0c0-11-9-20-20-20s-20 9-20 20 9 20 20 20 20-9 20-20z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3777b43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3777b43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contents<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b8a31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4b8a31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The following index outlines the steps for performing the analysis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b20713d e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b20713d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fb5a6f elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"5fb5a6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#model_type\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">1.Model type<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0fa5e1c elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"0fa5e1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#dataset\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">2.Dataset<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd2b8b5 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"fd2b8b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#neural_network\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">3.Neural network<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-526d9d4 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"526d9d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#training_strategy\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">4.Training straregy<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-971dd51 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"971dd51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#testing_analysis\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">5.Testing analysis<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e523ae7 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"e523ae7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#model_deployment\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">6.Model deployment<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b3bb8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b3bb8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"model_type\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1. Model type<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ad001b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ad001b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li data-start=\"284\" data-end=\"430\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong data-start=\"76\" data-end=\"93\">Problem type:<\/strong> Regression (continuous adhesive strength)<\/li>\n \t<li data-start=\"284\" data-end=\"430\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong data-start=\"138\" data-end=\"147\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Goal:<\/strong> Model the adhesive strength as a function of shear rate and particle diameter to support vascular nanoparticle design using artificial intelligence and machine learning.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e88857 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e88857\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"dataset\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. Data set<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e69c30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e69c30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Data source<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74b8791 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74b8791\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The dataset (58 instances, 3 variables): two inputs (shear_rate, particle_diameter) and one target (particles_adhering).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-828b8ab e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"828b8ab\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94e5be0 elementor-widget__width-initial boton_descarga elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"94e5be0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nanoparticleadhesivestrength-1.csv\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-file-download\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224 136V0H24C10.7 0 0 10.7 0 24v464c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h336c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24V160H248c-13.2 0-24-10.8-24-24zm76.45 211.36l-96.42 95.7c-6.65 6.61-17.39 6.61-24.04 0l-96.42-95.7C73.42 337.29 80.54 320 94.82 320H160v-80c0-8.84 7.16-16 16-16h32c8.84 0 16 7.16 16 16v80h65.18c14.28 0 21.4 17.29 11.27 27.36zM377 105L279.1 7c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H256v128h128v-6.1c0-6.3-2.5-12.4-7-16.9z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download Dataset<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e7e329 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5e7e329\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Variables<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58deef1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"58deef1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The following list summarizes the variables&#8217; information:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90d0b5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"90d0b5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Experimental conditions<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86356cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"86356cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong data-start=\"369\" data-end=\"389\">shear_rate (1\/s)<\/strong> \u2013 Wall shear rate applied to the nanoparticle; higher values represent stronger flow conditions in the vascular system.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-387e885 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"387e885\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Particle properties<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-226ff39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"226ff39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong data-start=\"541\" data-end=\"567\">particle_diameter (\u00b5m)<\/strong> \u2013 Diameter of each nanoparticle; larger particles tend to exhibit stronger adhesive behavior.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d73f3f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d73f3f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Target variable<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c71ea74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c71ea74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul data-start=\"687\" data-end=\"830\">\n \t<li data-start=\"687\" data-end=\"830\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p data-start=\"689\" data-end=\"830\"><strong data-start=\"689\" data-end=\"724\">particles_adhering (count\/area)<\/strong> \u2013 Number of particles adhering per unit area to the collagen substrate, representing adhesive strength.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3715054 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3715054\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Instances<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a31fe1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a31fe1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The dataset\u2019s\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/data-set#Instances\">instances<\/a> are split into training (60%), validation (20%), and testing (20%) subsets by default.<\/p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">You can adjust them as needed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-122aa3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"122aa3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Variables distributions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49653a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"49653a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Also, we can examine the distributions for all variables. The figure shows adhesive strength and its correlations with the input variables.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b29ab5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8b29ab5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nanoparticle-adhesive-strength-data-distribution.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-16886\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nanoparticle-adhesive-strength-data-distribution.webp 800w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nanoparticle-adhesive-strength-data-distribution-300x150.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nanoparticle-adhesive-strength-data-distribution-768x384.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nanoparticle-adhesive-strength-data-distribution-600x300.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7d2abe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e7d2abe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As we can see, the correlations are positive with particle diameter and negative with shear rate.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1aa5824 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1aa5824\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Input-target correlations<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b643cef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b643cef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/data-set#InputsTargetsCorrelations\">input-target correlations<\/a> indicate which factors most influence adhesive strength and, therefore, are more relevant to our analysis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-683bb34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"683bb34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"140\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nanoparticle-adhesive-strength-correlations.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-16885\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nanoparticle-adhesive-strength-correlations.webp 600w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nanoparticle-adhesive-strength-correlations-300x70.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e4a3b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9e4a3b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Here, the variables most correlated with adhesive strength are particle diameter and shear rate.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ec2940 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8ec2940\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"neural_network\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">3. Neural network<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b60b74a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b60b74a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A neural network is an artificial intelligence model inspired by how the human brain processes information.<\/p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is organized in layers: the input layer receives the variables, the hidden layers combine them to detect relevant patterns, and the output layer provides the probability of belonging to a given class.<\/p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Trained with historical data, the network learns to recognize patterns and distinguish between categories, offering objective support for decision-making.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cb79aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1cb79aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"581\" height=\"151\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nanoparticle-adhesive-strength-neural-network.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-16883\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nanoparticle-adhesive-strength-neural-network.webp 581w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nanoparticle-adhesive-strength-neural-network-300x78.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 581px) 100vw, 581px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2989365 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2989365\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The network combines two nanoparticle-related variables through two hidden layers to predict adhesive strength, with connections showing each variable\u2019s contribution.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8023c43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8023c43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"training_strategy\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">4. Training strategy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c97aafc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c97aafc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Training a neural network involves defining a loss function and optimization algorithm to learn from data while avoiding overfitting, ensuring good performance on both training and new cases.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad62d4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ad62d4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nanoparticle-adhesive-strength-training-history.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-16882\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nanoparticle-adhesive-strength-training-history.webp 600w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nanoparticle-adhesive-strength-training-history-300x200.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d247643 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d247643\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The model was trained to ensure accuracy and stability on new data, with training and validation errors decreasing (0.062 NSE and 0.098 NSE), showing effective learning and generalization to new nanoparticle cases.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aeca2a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aeca2a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"testing_analysis\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">5. Testing analysis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcfc84c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcfc84c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">After training, the model\u2019s predictive capacity is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis\">tested<\/a> by comparing its outputs to target values on unseen data, determining if it is ready for production.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b135949 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b135949\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Linear regression<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-228c6b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"228c6b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The next chart illustrates the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/learning\/tutorials\/testing-analysis#LinearRegressionAnalysis\">linear regression analysis<\/a> for the variable particles_adhering.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34105f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"34105f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/1.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-16881\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/1.webp 600w, https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/1-300x200.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de598c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"de598c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">For a perfect fit, intercept, slope, and correlation should be 0, 1, and 1. Here, with intercept = -2.57, slope = 1.11, and correlation = 0.946, the model performs well, close to ideal values.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ff8297 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ff8297\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"model_deployment\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">6. Model deployment<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0d0232 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d0d0232\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-237d557 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"237d557\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"439\" data-end=\"610\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Once the neural network\u2019s generalization is confirmed, it can be saved and deployed to predict adhesive strength from shear rate and particle diameter.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"439\" data-end=\"610\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">In deployment mode, researchers can use it to simulate and optimize nanoparticle design, with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/my-account\/\">Neural Designer<\/a> exporting the model for easy integration into lab or clinical workflows.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3080cf e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d3080cf\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4f4f8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f4f4f8\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25ac466 elementor-widget__width-initial boton_descarga elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"25ac466\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neuraldesigner.com\/downloads\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-download\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M216 0h80c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24v168h87.7c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L269.7 378.3c-7.5 7.5-19.8 7.5-27.3 0L90.1 226.1c-12.6-12.6-3.7-34.1 14.1-34.1H192V24c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24zm296 376v112c0 13.3-10.7 24-24 24H24c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V376c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24h146.7l49 49c20.1 20.1 52.5 20.1 72.6 0l49-49H488c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24zm-124 88c0-11-9-20-20-20s-20 9-20 20 9 20 20 20 20-9 20-20zm64 0c0-11-9-20-20-20s-20 9-20 20 9 20 20 20 20-9 20-20z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c51809e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c51809e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c5ce34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c5ce34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"131\" data-end=\"482\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The machine learning model accurately predicted nanoparticle adhesive strength (correlation = 0.946, error = 0.098) using particle diameter and shear rate.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"131\" data-end=\"482\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Larger particles adhered more strongly, while higher shear reduced adhesion, consistent with vascular physiology.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"131\" data-end=\"482\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This approach provides a reliable tool for optimizing nanoparticle design in drug delivery, imaging, and diagnostics, reducing experimental testing and accelerating development.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0d235 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0d235\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">References<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-834ae8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"834ae8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21845041\/\">Optimizing particle size for targeting diseased microvasculature: from experiments to artificial neural networks<\/a>&#8220;, Daniela P Boso, Sei-Young Lee, Mauro Ferrari, Bernhard A Schrefler, Paolo Decuzzi. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2011.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bace4f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bace4f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related posts<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":1878,"template":"","categories":[29],"tags":[38],"class_list":["post-3508","learning","type-learning","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-examples","tag-healthcare"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Model nanoparticle adhesive strength using machine learning<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Build a machine learning model to predict the vascular nanoparticle 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